If your solution to a stated problem does not match the given solution, you should self-critique per instructions at
http://vhcc2.vhcc.edu/dsmith/geninfo/labrynth_created_fall_05/levl1_22/levl2_81/file3_259.htm.
Your solution, attempt at solution: If you are unable to attempt a solution, give a phrase-by-phrase interpretation of the problem along with a statement of what you do or do not understand about it. This response should be given, based on the work you did in completing the assignment, before you look at the given solution.
001. `query 1
INTRODUCTORY NOTE: The typical student starting out a second-semester calculus course it typically a bit rusty. It is also common that students you tend to use the calculator in appropriately, replacing analysis with calculator output. The calculator is in this course to be used to enhance the analysis but not to replace it, as you will learn on the first assignments. Some first-semester courses emphasize calculator over analysis rather than calculator as an adjunct to analysis, and even when that is not the emphasis the calculator tricks are all some students com away with.
A student who has completed a first-semester course has the ability to do this work, but will often need a good review. If this is your case you will need to relearn the analytical techniques, which you can do as you go through this chapter. A solid review then will allow you to move along nicely when we get to the chapters on integration, starting with Ch 5.
Calculator skills will be useful to illuminate the analytical process throughout. THis course certainly doesn't discourage use of the calculator, but only as an adjunct to the analytical process than a replacement for it. You will see what that means as you work through Chapter 4.
If it turns out that you have inordinate difficulties with the basic first-semester techniques used in this chapter, a review might be appropriate. I'll advise you on that as we go through the chapter. For students who find that they are very rusty on their first-semester skills I recommend (but certainly don't require) that they download the programs q_a_cal1_1_13... and q_a_cal1_14_16... , from the Supervised Study Current Semester pages (Course Documents > Downloads > Calculus I or Applied Calculus I) and work through all 16 assignments, with the possible exception of #10 (a great application of exponential functions so do it if you have time), skipping anything they find trivial and using their own judgement on whether or not to self-critique. The review takes some time but will I believe save many students time in the long run. For students who whoose to do so I'll be glad to look at the SEND files and answer any questions you might have.
Please take a minute to give me your own assessment of the status of your first-semeseter skills.
You should understand the basic ideas of
first-semester calculus, which include but are
not limited to the following:
rules of differentiation including product, quotient and chain rules,
the use of first-derivative tests to find relative maxima and minima,
the use of second-derivative tests to do the same,
interpretation of the derivative,
implicit differentiation and
the complete analysis of graphs by analytically finding zeros, intervals on which the function is positive and negative, intervals on which the function is increasing or decreasing and intervals on which concavity is upward and downward. Comment once more on your level of preparedness for this course.
NOTE THAT PROBLEM NUMBERS ARE GIVEN FOR THE DOCUMENT Chapter 4 problems . THE NUMBERING OF PROBLEMS IN YOUR TEXT IS NOT RELATED TO THE NUMBER OF THE QUESTIONS ON THIS DOCUMENT
Question: `q 4.1.7 (previously 4.1.16 (was 4.1.14)): Solve for x the equation 4^2=(x+2)^2 (This problem might not appear in your edition of the textbook; however this is basic algebra and you should be able to do it. The solution takes only a few steps.)
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a The steps in the solution:
4^2 = (x+2)^2. The solution of a^2 = b is a = +- sqrt(b). So we have
x+2 = +- sqrt(4^2) or
x+2 = +- 4. This gives us two equations, one for the + and one for the -:
x+2 = 4 has solution x = 2
x+2 = -4 has solution x = -6. **
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `q4.1.28 (was 4.1.32) Sketch a graph of y =- 4^(-x).
Describe your graph by telling where it is increasing, where it is decreasing, where it is concave up, where it is concave down, and what if any lines it has as asymptotes.
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a Many students graph this equation by plugging in numbers. That is a start, but you can only plug in so many numbers. In any case plugging in numbers is not a calculus-level skill. It is necessary to to reason out and include detailed reasons for the behavior, based ultimately on knowledge of derivatives and the related behavior of functions.
A documented description of this graph will give a description and will explain the reasons for the major characteristics of the graph.
The function y = 4^-x = 1 / 4^x has the following important characteristics:
For increasing positive x the denominator increases very rapidly, resulting in a y value rapidly approaching zero.
For x = 0 we have y = 1 / 4^0 = 1.
For decreasing negative values of x the values of the function increase very rapidly. For example for x = -5 we get y = 1 / 4^-5 = 1 / (1/4^5) = 4^5 = 1024. Decreasing x by 1 to x = -6 we get 1 / 4^-6 = 4096. The values of y more and more rapidly approach infinity as x continues to decrease.
This results in a graph which for increasing x decreases at a decreasing rate, passing through the y axis at (0, 1) and asymptotic to the positive x axis. The graph is decreasing and concave up.
When we develop formulas for the derivatives of exponential functions we will be able to see that the derivative of this function is always negative and increasing toward 0, which will further explain many of the characteristics of the graph. **
STUDENT QUESTION
To confirm, it has been a few months since
working with first and second derivatives: In order to determine how this graph
is portrayed without a graphing calculator, you would find the first derivative
and set to solve for zero, giving x value? Additionally, use test values to
determine increasing or decreasing. You would then do the same by finding the
second derivative, solving for zero, in order to determine concavity and
inflection points, by using text values?
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE
You would set the first derivative equal
to zero and solve the equation to find the critical points.
You would then test each critical point.
First-derivative test:
If the slope goes from negative to zero to positive as you move from left to right in the near neighborhood of the point, then the trend of graph goes from downward to level to upward and the critical point is a minimum.
If the slope goes from positive to zero to negative as you move from left to right in the near neighborhood of the point, then the trend of graph goes from upward to level to downward and the the critical point is a maximum.
If the slope goes from negative to
zero to negative as you move from left to right in the near neighborhood of
the point, or from positive to zero to positive, then the function goes
either from downward to level to downward, or upward to level to upward and
the critical point is a point of inflection.
Second-derivative test:
If the second derivative takes a negative value at a critical point then the graph is level at that point but the trend of the graph is concave downward and the point is a max. If the second derivative is positive then the graph is concave upward and the point is a min.
If the second derivative is zero at the point and its sign changes as you move from left to right through the point, then you have a point of inflection.
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `qHow does this graph compare to that of 5^-x, and why does it compare as it does?
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a the graphs meet at the y axis, at the point (0, 1).
To the left of the y axis the graph of y = 5^-x is 'higher' than that of y = 4^-x. To the right it is lower.
The reasons for these behaviors:
The zero power of any number is 1, so that both graphs pass through (0, 1).
A given positive power of a larger number will be larger.
However applying given negative exponent to a larger number result in a greater denominator than if the same exponent is applied to a smaller number, resulting in a smaller result.
For example, if we apply the power 2 to both bases we obtain 4^2 = 16, but 5^2 = 25. The graph of 5^x is 'higher' than that of 4^x, when x = 2.
If we apply the power -3 to both bases we obtain 4^-3 = 1 / 4^3 = 1 / 64, while 5^-3 = 1 / 5^3 = 1 / 125. The value of 5^-3 is less than the value of 4^-3. So the graph of 5^x is 'lower' than that of 4^x, when x = -3.
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `q 4.2.6 (previously 4.2.20 (was 4.1 #40)) graph e^(2x)
Describe your graph by telling where it is increasing, where it is decreasing, where it is concave up, where it is concave down, and what if any lines it has as asymptotes.
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a For large numbers x you have e raised to a large power, which gets extremely large. At x = 0 we have y = e^0 = 1. For large negative numbers e is raised to a large negative power, and since e^-a = 1 / e^a, the values of the function approach zero.
}
Thus the graph approaches the negative x axis as an asymptote and grows beyond all bounds as x gets large, passing thru the y axis as (0, 1).
Since every time x increases by 1 the value of the function increases by factor e, becoming almost 3 times as great, the function will increase at a rapidly increasing rate. This will make the graph concave up. **
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `qThe entire description given above would apply to both e^x and e^(2x). So what are the differences between the graphs of these functions?
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a Note that the graphing calculator can be useful for seeing the difference between the graphs, but you need to explain the properties of the functions. For example, on a test, a graph copied from a graphing calculator is not worth even a point; it is the explanation of the behavior of the function that counts.
By the laws of exponents e^(2x) = (e^x)^2, so for every x the y value of e^(2x) is the square of the y value of e^x. For x > 1, this makes e^(2x) greater than e^x; for large x it is very much greater. For x < 1, the opposite is true.
You will also be using derivatives and other techniques from first-semester calculus to analyze these functions. As you might already know, the derivative of e^x is e^x; by the Chain Rule the derivative of e^(2x) is 2 e^(2x). Thus at every point of the e^(2x) graph the slope is twice as great at the value of the function. In particular at x = 0, the slope of the e^x graph is 1, while that of the e^(2x) graph is 2. **
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `qHow did you obtain your graph, and what reasoning convinces you that the graph is as you described it? What happens to the value of the function as x increases into very large numbers? What is the limiting value of the function as x approaches infinity?
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a*& These questions are answered in the solutions given above. From those solutions you will ideally have been able to answer this question. *&*&
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `q 4.2.8 (previously 4.2.32 (formerly 4.2.43) (was 4.1 #48)). If you invest $2500 at 5% for 40 years, how much do you have if you with 1, 2, 4, 12, 365 annual compoundings, and with continuous compounding
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
A = P[1 + (r/n)]^nt
A = 2500[1 + (0.05/1]^(1)(40) = 17599.97
A = 2500[1 + (0.05/2]^(2)(40) = 18023.92
A = 2500[1 + (0.05/4]^(4)(40) = 18245.05
A = 2500[1 + (0.05/12]^(12)(40) = 18396.04
A = 2500[1 + (0.05/365]^(365)(40) = 18470.11
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `qHow did you obtain your result for continuous compounding?
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a For continuous compounding you have
A = Pe^rt. For interest rate r = .05 and t = 40 years we have
A = 2500e^(.05)(40). Evaluating we get
A = 18472.64
The pattern of the results you obtained previously is to approach this value as a limit. **
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `q4.2.40 (was 4.1 #60) typing rate N = 95 / (1 + 8.5 e^(-.12 t))
What is the limiting value of the typing rate?
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a As t increases e^(-.12 t) decreases exponentially, meaning that as an exponential function with a negative growth rate it approaches zero.
The rate therefore approaches N = 95 / (1 + 8.5 * 0) = 95 / 1 = 95. *&*&
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `qHow long did it take to average 70 words / minute?
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a*& According to the graph of the calculator it takes about 26.4 weeks to get to 70 words per min.
This result was requested from a calculator, but you should also understand the analytical techniques for obtaining this result.
The calculator isn't the authority, except for basic arithmetic and evaluating functions, though it can be useful to confirm the results of actual analysis. You should also know how to solve the equation.
We want N to be 70. So we get the equation
70=95 / (1+8.5e^(-0.12t)). Gotta isolate t. Note the division. You first multiply both sides by the denominator to get
95=70(1+8.5e^(-0.12t)). Distribute the multiplication:
95 = 70 + 595 e^(-.12 t). Subtract 70 and divide by 595:
e^(-.12 t) = 25/595. Take the natural log of both sides:
-.12 t = ln(25/595). Divide by .12:
t = ln(25/595) / (-.12). Approximate using your calculator. t is around 26.4. **
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `qHow many words per minute were being typed after 10 weeks?
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a*& According to the calculator 26.6 words per min was being typed after 10 weeks.
Straightforward substitution confirms this result:
N(10) = 95 / (1+8.5e^(-0.12* 10)) = 26.68 approx. **
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `qFind the exact rate at which the model predicts words will be typed after 10 weeks.
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a The rate is 26.6 words / minute, as you found before.
Expanding a bit we can find the rate at which the number of words being typed will be changing at t = 10 weeks. This would require that you take the derivative of the function, obtaining dN / dt.
This question provides a good example of an application of the Chain Rule, which might be useful for review:
Recall that the derivative of e^t is d^t.
N = 95 / (1 + 8.5 e^(-.12 t)), which is a composite of f(z) = 95 / z with g(t) = (1 + 8.5 e^(-.12 t)). The derivative, by the Chain Rule, is
N ' = g'(t) * f ' (g(t)) =
(1 + 8.5 e^(-.12 t)) ' * (-95 / (1 + 8.5 e^(-.12 t))^2 ) =
-.12 * 8.5 e^(-.12 t)) * (-95 / (1 + 8.5 e^(-.12 t))^2 ) = 97 / (1 + 8.5 e^(-.12 t))^2 ), approx.. **
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `q 4.3.2 (previously 4.3.8 (was 4.2 #8)) derivative of e^(1/x)
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a There are two ways to look at the function:
This is a composite of f(z) = e^z with g(x) = 1/x.
f'(z) = e^z, g'(x) = -1/x^2 so the derivative is g'(x) * f'(g(x)) = -1/x^2 e^(1/x).
Alternatively, and equivalently, using the text's General Exponential Rule:
You let u = 1/x
du/dx = -1/x^2
f'(x) = e^u (du/dx) = e^(1/x) * -1 / x^2.
dy/dx = -1 /x^2 e^(1/x) **
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `q 4.3.6. What is the derivative of (e^-x + e^x)^3?
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a This function is the composite f(z) = z^3 with g(x) = e^-x + e^x.
f ' (z) = 3 z^2 and g ' (x) = - e^-x + e^x.
The derivative is therefore
(f(g(x)) ' = g ' (x) * f ' (g(x)) = (-e^-x + e^x) * 3 ( e^-x + e^x) ^ 2 = 3 (-e^-x + e^x) * ( e^-x + e^x) ^ 2
Alternative the General Power Rule is (u^n) ' = n u^(n-1) * du/dx.
Letting u = e^-x + e^x and n = 3 we find that du/dx = -e^-x + e^x so that
[ (e^-x + e^x)^3 ] ' = (u^3) ' = 3 u^2 du/dx = 3 (e^-x + e^x)^2 * (-e^-x + e^x), as before. **
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `q4.3.10 (previously 4.3.22). What is the tangent line to (e^(4x)-2)^2 at (0, 1)?
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
This function is of the form f(g(x)) with f(x) = x^2 and g(x)
= e^(4x) - 2.
g ' (x) = 4 e^(4 x) and f ' (z) = 2 z so
(f(g(x))) ' =
g ' (x) * f ' (g(x)) =
4 e^(4x) * 2 (e^(4x) - 2) =
8 e^(4x) (e^(4x) - 2) = 8 (e^(8 x ) - e^(4x) ) =
8 e^(8x) - 16 e^(4 x).
At x = 0 this derivative has value -8, so that the tangent line passes through
(0, 1) with slope -8.
The equation of the tangent line is therefore obtained by
setting the slope between the point (0, 1) and (x, y) equal to the value we just
calculated. The slope from (0, 1) to (x, y) is (y - 1) / (x - 0), so we
have
(y - 1) / ( x - 0) = -8
(in this case we know the y intercept and slope so we can immediately write the
equation in the slope-intercept form as y = -8 x + 1.
However in general we don't know the y intercept, so we will proceed with the
more general form of the equation).
Solving our more general equation for y we obtain
y = -8 x + 1.
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `q 4.3.8 (formerly 4.3.24) (was 4.2.22)
implicitly find y' for e^(xy) + x^2 - y^2 = 0
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a The the q_a_ program for assts 14-16 in calculus 1, located on the Supervised Study ... pages under Course Documents, Calculus I, has an introduction to implicit differentiation. I recommend it if you didn't learn implicit differentiation in your first-semester course, or if you're rusty and can't follow the introduction in your text.
The derivative of y^2 is 2 y y'. y is itself a function of x, and the derivative is with respect to x so the y' comes from the Chain Rule.
the derivative of e^(xy) is (xy)' e^(xy). (xy)' is x' y + x y' = y + x y '.
the equation is thus (y + x y' ) * e^(xy) + 2x - 2y y' = 0. Multiply out to get
y e^(xy) + x y ' e^(xy) + 2x - 2 y y' = 0, then collect all y ' terms on the left-hand side:
x y ' e^(xy) - 2 y y ' = -y e^(xy) - 2x. Factor to get
(x e^(xy) - 2y ) y' = - y e^(xy) - 2x, then divide to get
y' = [- y e^(xy) - 2x] / (x e^(xy) - 2y ) . **
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `q 4.3.11 (previously 4.3.34 (formerly 4.3.32) (was 4.2 #30)) extrema of x e^(-x)
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a Again the calculator is useful but it doesn't replace analysis. You have to do the analysis for this problem and document it.
Critical points occur when the derivative is 0. Applying the product rule you get
x' e^(-x) + x (e^-x)' = 0. This gives you
e^-x + x(-e^-x) = 0. Factoring out e^-x:
e^(-x) (1-x) = 0
e^(-x) can't equal 0, so (1-x) = 0 and x = 1.
Now, for 0 < x < 1 the derivative is positive because e^-x is positive and (1-x) is positive.
For 1 < x the derivative is negative because e^-x is negative and (1-x) is negative.
So at x = 1 the derivative goes from positive to negative, indicating the the original function goes from increasing to decreasing. Thus the critical point gives you a maximum. The y value is 1 * e^-1.
The extremum is therefore a maximum, located at (1, e^-1). **
STUDENT QUESTION
So, I
understand in order to solve for relative extrema, first find the derivative of
the function. Apply product rule,
set to solve for zero, and then to find critical points solving for x. However,
didn’t quite understand how after factoring
and ran into a problem. After e^-x + x(1-x) = 0; I see that e^-x can’t work, but
we are still basically left with x(1 – x) =
0 ; What happened to the x outside of parenthesis, perhaps I am overlooking
this?
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE
e^-x +
x(-e^-x) = 0. Factoring out e^-x we get
e^(-x) (1-x) = 0.
e^(-x) (1-x) could be written more explicitly as e^(-x) * (1-x), which means
'raise e to the power -x, then multiply the result by 1 - x'.
That -x is the exponent of e. (1 - x) is not part of the exponent, since the
exponentiation e^(-x) is done before the multiplication.
Thus e^(-x) (1-x) is the product of two factors, e^(-x) and (1 - x). The product
of two factors can be zero only if one of the two factors is zero. e^(-x) cannot
be zero (because e^x is always positive e^(-x) = 1 / (e^x) is always positive).
However 1 - x can be zero, when x = 1.
Thus, since e^(-x) (1-x) is the derivative of the given function, the only
critical point of that function occurs at x = 1.
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `q 4.3.12 (previously 4.3.42 (formerly 4.3.40) (was 4.2 #38)) memory model p = (100 - a) e^(-bt) + a, a=20 , b=.5, info retained after 1, 3 weeks.How much memory was maintained after each time interval?
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a Plugging in a = 20, b = .5 and t = 1 we get p = (100 - 20) e^(-.5 * 1) + 20 = 80 * e^-.5 + 20 = 68.52, approx., meaning about 69% retention after 1 week.
A similar calculation with t = 3 gives us 37.85, approx., indicating about 38% retention after 3 weeks. **
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a** At what rate is memory being lost at 3 weeks (no time limit here)?
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a The average rate of change of y with respect to t is ave rate = change in y / change in t. This is taken to the limit, as t -> 0, to get the instantaneous rate dy/dt, which is the derivative of y with respect to t. This is the entire idea of the derivative--it's an instantaneous rate of change.
The rate of memory loss is the derivative of the function with respect to t.
dp/dt = d/dt [ (100 - a) e^(-bt) + a ] = (100-a) * -b e^-(bt).
Evaluate at t = 3 to answer the question. The result is dp/dt = -8.93 approx.. This indicates about a 9% loss per week, at the 3-week point. Of course as we've seen you only have about 38% retention at t = 3, so a loss of almost 9 percentage points is a significant proportion of what you still remember.
Note that between t = 1 and t = 3 the change in p is about -21 so the average rate of change is about -21 / 2 = -10.5. The rate is decreasing. This is consistent with the value -8.9 for the instantaneous rate at t = 3. **
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `q 4.3.13 (previously 4.2.48 (formerly 4.2.46) (was 4.2 #42)) effect of `mu on normal distribution
Your solution:
Confidence Assessment:
Given Solution:
`a The calculator should have showed you how the distribution varies with different values of `mu. The analytical explanation is as follows:
The derivative of e^[ -(x-`mu)^2 / (2 `sigma^2) ] is -(x - `mu) e^[ -(x-`mu)^2 / 2 ] / `sigma^2.
Setting this equal to zero we get -(x - `mu) e^[ -(x-`mu)^2 / 2 ] / `sigma^2 = 0. Dividing both sides by e^[ -(x-`mu)^2 / 2 ] / `sigma^2 we get -(x - `mu) = 0, which we easily solve for x to get x = `mu.
The sign of the derivative -(x - `mu) e^[ -(x-`mu)^2 / 2 ] / `sigma^2 is the same as the sign of -(x - `mu) = `mu - x. To the left of x = `mu this quantity is positive, to the right it is negative, so the derivative goes from positive to negative at the critical point.
By the first-derivative test the maximum therefore occurs at x = `mu.
More detail:
We look for the extreme values of the function.
e^[ -(x-`mu)^2 / (2 `sigma^2) ] is a composite of f(z) = e^z with g(x) = -(x-`mu)^2 / (2 `sigma^2). g'(x) = -(x - `mu) / `sigma^2.
Thus the derivative of e^[ -(x-`mu)^2 / (2 `sigma^2) ] with respect to x is
-(x - `mu) e^[ -(x-`mu)^2 / 2 ] / `sigma^2.
Setting this equal to zero we get x = `mu.
Our final conclusion is as follows:
The function has a maximum, which occurs at x = `mu. **
Self-critique (if necessary):
Self-critique Rating:
Question: `q Add comments on any surprises or insights you experienced as a result of this assignment.
Typical Comment so if you feel very rusty you'll know you aren't along:
Good grief, lol where to start!!! Just kidding! I guess I really need to be refreshed on how to handle deriving the exponential function with e. 4.2 was the killer for me here with only minimum examples in the section I had to review my old text and notes. It's just been so long.