Mth 164, Precalculus II Assignments



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Table of Assignments, Topics, Specific Objectives

Asst

text sections

qa

introset

lab/activity

text

outline

class notes

other

query

 

00

 

01

6.1

qa_01

 

 

text_01

 

Class Notes #'s 1-2

  • Sketching Exercise   Graphing Vertical Position; Effects of Angular Velocity, Radius, Starting Point

query_01

 

#01:    First Circular Model; Introduction to Radian Measure

·         definition and illustration of radian

·         number of radians corresponding to complete circle

·         relationship between radian measure of angle and arc length on circle, common sense and symbolic

·         dividing the circle into 8 or 12 sectors, labeling angles

#02:    Sketching Exercises

·         time rate of change of angle and peak separation on graph of y vs. t

·         radius of circle at y coordinates of peaks and valleys

·         period, frequency, amplitude, angular frequency, wavelength

·         sketch a graph of y coordinate vs. clock time

·         specify the effect on the curve of the angular velocity of the point moving around the circle

·         Consider the effect of changing the radius of the circle

·         Investigate the effect of the starting point on the graph

Objectives:

Relate {theta, x, y} on the unit circle.

Relate {omega, t, theta(t), x(t), y(t)} for a reference point initially at (1, 0) on the circle, moving with angular velocity omega.

Relate for a reference point initially at the point (cos(phi), sin(phi)) on the circle, moving with angular velocity omega.

  • period
  • omega
  • t
  • theta
  • phi
  • x
  • y
  • h
  • k
  • v_arc (the speed of the reference point as it moves around the arc of the circle)
  • `dt
  • `ds_arc (the distance traveled by the reference point along the arc during time interval `dt)

02

6.2,3

qa_02

 

 

text_02

 

Class Notes # 3

qa02:  on unit circle: {i * pi/6, x_i, y_i, 0<= i <= 12} U { i * pi/4, x_i, y_i, 0<= i <= 8}

on unit circle: {theta_i = i * pi/6, x_i, y_i, sin(theta_i), cos(theta_i), 0<= i <= 12} U { theta_i = i * pi/4, x_i, y_i, sin(theta_i), cos(theta_i), 0<= i <= 8}

{A, theta_i = i * pi/6, x_i, y_i, sin(theta_i), cos(theta_i), 0<= i <= 12} U { theta_i = i * pi/4, x_i, y_i, sin(theta_i), cos(theta_i), 0<= i <= 8}

{theta_0, omega, t, theta}

On unit circle: {theta_0, omega, t, theta, x, y}

{A, theta_0, omega, t, theta, x, y}

Table:  {A, theta(t)} U {i * pi/6, x_i, y_i, 0<= i <= 12} U table form:  {(t_i, theta(t_i), sin(theta(t_i)), cos(theta(t_i)) , A sin(theta(t_i)), A cos(theta(t_i)) | theta(t_i) = i pi / 6, n_1 <= i <= n_2} U {graph of sin(theta(t)) vs. t, cos(theta(t)) vs. t}

… graph in qa03

1.   Construct a unit circle showing all standard angular positions which are multiples of pi/6 or pi/4.

2.  Given starting point and angular velocity model motion on the unit circle.

3.  Relate angular displacement on the unit circle to arc distance and vice versa.

 

Query:  periodicity of trig fns (notational and in terms of circular mode), even-odd,

query_02

 

#03:    Modeling Periodic Phenomena with Circles

·         Discussion of sketching exercises from preceding class

·         model daily daylight in hours vs. clock time in months

·         modeling problems: general cyclical graphs, day length model, daily mean temperature vs month, tide, buoy

Objectives:

1.   Construct a unit circle showing all standard angular positions which are multiples of pi/6 or pi/4.

2.  Given starting point and angular velocity model motion on the unit circle.

3.  Relate angular displacement on the unit circle to arc distance and vice versa.

4.  Relate

  • reference circle angles which are multiples of pi / 6 or pi / 4
  • x and y coordinates on the unit circle
  • x and y coordinates on a reference circle of radius A, centered at the origin
  • table of y vs. x

5.  Using triangles and the Pythagorean Theorem determine the exact values of the sines and cosines of pi/4, pi/6 and pi/3 and use these values in constructing a table of the sines and cosines of all angles which are multiples of pi/4 and pi/6.

Relate for a reference point initially at the point (cos(phi), sin(phi)) on the circle, moving with angular velocity omega.

  • period
  • omega
  • t
  • theta
  • phi
  • x
  • y
  • h
  • k
  • graph of sin(t), cos(t)
  • v_arc (the speed of the reference point as it moves around the arc of the circle)
  • `dt
  • `ds_arc (the distance traveled by the reference point along the arc during time interval `dt)

 

Apply all the above to applications and problems.

03

6.4,5,6

qa_03

 

 

text_03

 

Class Notes # 4-5

qa_03:  {graph of sin(theta), picture of unit circle, given point, estimate sin(theta), theta}

 

on unit circle: {theta_i = i * pi/6, x_i, y_i, sin(theta_i), cos(theta_i), 0<= i <= 12} U { theta_i = i * pi/4, x_i, y_i, sin(theta_i), cos(theta_i), 0<= i <= 8, approximate values, graph sin(theta), cos(theta)}

{theta(t), change in t for complete cycle, graph of complete cycle, inequality corresponding to 0 <= theta <= 2 pi}

 

query_03: graph by transformations (incl tangent and asymptotes), ladder in hall, area of isosceles triangle (????how did we get to triangles here????),

text graphs, modeling

probs graphs phase shifts etc

query_03

 

#04:   The Sine Function

·         graph of sine function

·         exact values of sine function

·         graph constructed from reference circle

·         table constructed from exact values, resulting graph

#05:   Modeling with the Sine Function

·         detailed circular model of temperature function vs. months from Jan 1

·        y = A sin(`omega * (t - C) ) + D, effects of four parameters

·         finding historical daily mean temperature for given day of year

·         day length vs. clock time by evaluating parameters A, B, C, D

Objectives:

Estimate the x and y coordinates and angle theta associated with a given point on a picture of the unit circle.

Hand-sketch a unit circle and the points corresponding to angles which are multiples of pi/4 and pi/6:

  • Using the sketch estimate the values of the sine and cosine of each angle
  • graph the sine and cosine functions based on your estimates
  • use periodicity properties to extend the graph.
  • For motion of the reference point at constant angular velocity omega, determine the change in t associated with a complete cycle and use along with estimates from the hand sketch to graph y = sin(omega * t) and y = cos(omega * t)

Apply the periodicity property of trigonometric functions to evaluation at given points, to construction of graphs and to tables.

Explain and apply the even-odd behavior of given trigonometric functions.

Relate for a reference point initially at the point (cos(phi), sin(phi)) on the circle, moving with angular velocity omega.

  • period
  • omega
  • t
  • theta
  • phi
  • x
  • y
  • h
  • k
  • A cos(omega t + phi) + k
  • A sin(omega t + phi) + k
  • A cos(omega ( t – h) + k
  • A sin(omega (t – h) ) + k
  • graph of y = A cos(omega t + phi) + k
  • graph of y = A A sin(omega t + phi) + k
  • graph of y = A A cos(omega ( t – h) + k
  • graph of y = A A sin(omega (t – h) ) + k
  • v_arc (the speed of the reference point as it moves around the arc of the circle)
  • `dt
  • `ds_arc (the distance traveled by the reference point along the arc during time interval `dt)

 

Relate

Relate

04

7.3,4

qa_04

 

 

text_04

 

Class Notes # 6

qa_04:  {radian, radius, position, arc distance}

{theta, radius, position, arc distance}

{omega, radius, position, velocity on arc}

Exact coordinates at mult of pi/3, pi/4

{theta, radius, position, arc distance, x, y}

{theta_0, omega, t, radius, x, y}

{theta(t), A, table and graph of sin, cos, tan} … relabeling

1.   Construct a table of the values of y = A sin(x) for a given value of A, extending for a complete cycle of this function, with x equal to multiples of pi/6 or pi/4, and using the table construct a graph of one cycle of y = A sin(x ). 

2.  Given a function y = A sin(theta) with theta given as a function of x, construct a table of the values of y = A sin(theta) for a complete cycle of this function with theta equal to multiples of pi/6 or pi/4, then determine the x value corresponding to each value of theta.  Using a table of y vs. x construct a graph of one cycle of y = A sin(theta) in terms of the given function theta of x, clearly labeling the x axis for each quarter-cycle of the function.   

3.  Interpret the function and graph corresponding to Goal 2 in terms of angular motion on a unit circle.

 

query_04:  more graphing by transformations, some identities

 

text trig eqns, identities

prob set 6.3,4 all identities

query_04

 

#06:   Trigonometric Identities

·         Pythagorean identity based on unit circle

·         Reflection identities

·         Sine and cosine of sum of and difference of two angles

·         Law of Cosines

·         Proving identities

Objectives:

1.   Construct a table of the values of y = A sin(x) for a given value of A, extending for a complete cycle of this function, with x equal to multiples of pi/6 or pi/4, and using the table construct a graph of one cycle of y = A sin(x ). 

2.  Given a function y = A sin(theta) with theta given as a function of x, construct a table of the values of y = A sin(theta) for a complete cycle of this function with theta equal to multiples of pi/6 or pi/4, then determine the x value corresponding to each value of theta.  Using a table of y vs. x construct a graph of one cycle of y = A sin(theta) in terms of the given function theta of x, clearly labeling the x axis for each quarter-cycle of the function.   

3.  Interpret the function and graph corresponding to Goal 2 in terms of angular motion on a unit circle.

4.  Use transformations to construct graphs of A cos(omega t + theta_0) + k, and similarly translated graphs for the other trigonometric functions.

 

05

7.1,2,5

qa_05

 

 

text_05

 

Class Notes # 10-11

qa_05: Extending graph of periodic function

 

{theta(t), sin\cos\tan, a, b, number of cycles a <= t <= b, dist between peaks}

 

{theta(t), slope of sin(theta(t)) at beginning of cycle, max slope of sin(theta(t)) both as multiple of x = 0 slope of sin(x)}

 

t intercepts of y = sin(theta(t)) for first cycle, or generalized

 

1.   Construct a table of the values of y = A sin(x) for a given value of A, construct a graph of a single cycle of this function, then extending the graph forward and/or backward for any specified number of complete cycles. 

2.  Given a function y = A sin(theta) with theta given as a function of x, construct a y vs. x graph of a single cycle of this function, then extending the graph forward and/or backward for any specified number of complete cycles. 

3.  Interpret the function and graph corresponding to Goal 2 in terms of angular motion on a circle of appropriate radius.

 

query_05:  sum of angles formulas etc; exact values of fns

text inv fns (7.1-2), sum-diff formulas (7.5)

probs:  inv fns

query_05

 

#10:    Solving Trigonometric Equations

·         single solution of a trigonometric equation

·         multiple solutions of a trigonometric equation

·         representation of solutions of trigonometric equations by graphs and/or unit circle

·         graphs of inverse sine and inverse cosine functions

#11:   Inverse Sines, Tangents and Inverse Tangents

·         When do we have 10 hours of daylight?  Solution of the equation, solutions represented by graph and unit circle.

·         fullness of the Moon vs. clock time

·         field of vision and flagpole

Objectives:

1.   Construct a table of the values of y = A sin(x) for a given value of A, construct a graph of a single cycle of this function, then extending the graph forward and/or backward for any specified number of complete cycles. 

2.  Given a function y = A sin(theta) with theta given as a function of x, construct a y vs. x graph of a single cycle of this function, then extending the graph forward and/or backward for any specified number of complete cycles. 

3.  Interpret the function and graph corresponding to Goal 2 in terms of angular motion on a circle of appropriate radius.

 

06

7.7,8

qa_06

 

 

text_06

 

 

qa_06: {30-60-90 and 45-45-90 triangles}

exact coord mult pi/4, pi/6, once more

table for sine, reverse to get table for arcsin, restrict to get fn

values of arcsine

soln of eqns for trig fns and their inverses

… incl multiple solns

1.  Construct the basic triangles corresponding to angles pi/6, pi/4, pi/3, as appropriate, in order to find the sines and cosines of these angles.

2.  Using exact values construct tables and graphs for the basic trigonometric functions. 

3.  Using exact values construct y vs. x graphs of y = A sin(theta) or y = A cos(theta), where theta is given as a function of x. 

4 .  Use the technique of reversing columns and restricting domain to construct tables and graphs for the arcsin and arccos functions. 

5.  Given an equation in which the argument of the sine or cosines function is a function of x, solve the equation for all values of x within a given interval.

 

Query: cos(sin^-1(…)) etc.

 

probs solve eqns

 

text double, half angle formulas, prod-to-sum vice versa

query_06

 

Objectives:

1.  Construct the basic triangles corresponding to angles pi/6, pi/4, pi/3, as appropriate, in order to find the sines and cosines of these angles.

2.  Using exact values construct tables and graphs for the basic trigonometric functions. 

3.  Using exact values construct y vs. x graphs of y = A sin(theta) or y = A cos(theta), where theta is given as a function of x. 

4 .  Use the technique of reversing columns and restricting domain to construct tables and graphs for the arcsin and arccos functions. 

5.  Given an equation in which the argument of the sine or cosines function is a function of x, solve the equation for all values of x within a given interval.

07

 

qa_07

 

 

text_07

 

 

qa_07:  tan, unit circle, graphs, tables, inverse fn, approaching y axis on unit circle thru given quadrant, tan(theta(t))

 

1.   Understand and be able to explain how the vertical asymptotes of the graph of the tangent function occur.

2.  Using exact values construct y vs. x graphs of y = A sin(theta) or y = A cos(theta), where theta is given as a function of x. 

 

Query: more trig eqns

query_07

 

 
Objectives:

1.   Understand and explain how the vertical asymptotes of the graph of the tangent function occur.

2.  Using exact values construct y vs. x graphs of y = A sin(theta) or y = A cos(theta), where theta is given as a function of x. 

 

08

8.1,2

qa_08

 

 

text_08

 

Class Notes # 7-8

qa_08:  1.   Given an identity involving sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant and cotangent functions prove or disprove it using the Pythagorean identities and the definitions of these functions.

 

query 08:  right triangle trig; some with non-right triangles; applications

query_08

 

#07:    Tangents and Other Trigonometric Ratios

·         height measured by similar triangles

·         tangent as ratio of rise to run

·         inverse tangent to find angle

#08:    Sines and Cosines as Ratios

·         sine and cosine in terms of opposite side, adjacent side and hypotenuse of right triangle

·         Law of Sines

·         Law of Cosines

·         solving triangles

Objectives:

1.   Given an identity involving sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant and cotangent functions prove or disprove it using the Pythagorean identities and the definitions of these functions.

2.  Find the trigonometric functions of arbitrary angles by first finding the reference angle, then applying the sign appropriate to the quadrant.

3.  Given a side of a right triangle and another side or angle, determine all of its angles and sides.

4.  Given a side of a triangle, another side or and angle, and still another side or angle of a triangle, find all of its sides and angles.

09

8.3,5

qa_09

 

 

text_09

 

Class Notes # 9-10

qa_09: 

 

1.  Given the magnitude and direction of a vector determine its components.

2.  Given the components of a vector determine its magnitude and direction.

3.  Given two or more vectors determine the magnitude and angle of their sum.

 

query_09:  non-right triangles, applications

 

shm

query_09

 

#09:    Miscellaneous Problems

·         high and low point of a pendulum

·         review: graphing a sine function by transformations

#10:    Solving Trigonometric Equations

·         single solution of a trigonometric equation

·         multiple solutions of a trigonometric equation

·         representation of solutions of trigonometric equations by graphs and/or unit circle

·         graphs of inverse sine and inverse cosine functions

Objectives:

1.  Given the magnitude and direction of a vector determine its components.

2.  Given the components of a vector determine its magnitude and direction.

3.  Given two or more vectors determine the magnitude and angle of their sum.

4.  Model simple harmonic motion using sine or cosine functions and appropriate transformations.

10

9.1,2

qa_10

 

 

text_10

 

Class Notes # 16

qa_10:  2, 3, 4 dim:  {v, w, theta}

projection?

 

query_10:  polar coordinates, transforming equations, graphing polar graphs, symmetry

query_10

 

#16:   Polar Coordinates

·         pole, polar axis, coordinates of a point

·         plotting given points

·         ‘grid’ for polar coordinates

·         converting polar to rectangular coordinates

·         polar coordinates of points given in rectangular coordinates

·         sketching r = 7, r = theta, theta = pi/4

·         sketching r = cos(theta), verifying shape of graph

·         sketching r = sin(2 theta)

Objectives:

Relate

  • v, a vector in 2 or 3 dimensions
  • w, a vector in 2 or 3 dimensions
  • theta, the angle between v and w
  • v dot w, the dot product of v and w
  • || v ||
  • || w ||
  • scalar projection of v on w
  • v / || v ||
  • w / || w ||
  • vector projection of v on w
 

11

9.4,5

qa_11

 

 

text_11

 

 

qa_11:  dist btwn pts, .., conic sections

 

query_11: i, j notation for vectors, magnitude, triangle ineq, unit vector, dot prod, applications

query_11

 

 
Objectives:

1.  Express the distance from general point (x, y) from a specific point (x_0, y_0), or from a line y = c, or from a line x = c (where c is constant).

2.  Express the definitions of the conic sections as equations in terms of distances from a point (x, y) on the conic section to appropriate points and/or lines, and simplify the equations.

12

10.1,2,3

qa_12

 

 

text_12

 

Class Notes # 12-13

qa_12: more conic sections:  Equations and Properties of Parabolas, hyperbolas and ellipses

 

equations from descriptions in terms of foci, vertices, pairs of points, distances, etc.

 

sketching ellipse or hyperbola with ‘basic’ rectangle

 

vertices, foci, eccentricity, asymptotes etc.

 

shifting graphs of basic conics

1.  Know the equations of parabolas with vertex at the origin, and of ellipses and hyperbolas centered at the origin.

2.  Sketch the graph of the equation of an ellipse or a hyperbola centered at the origin, using the 'basic rectangle'.

3.  Find, as appropriate the vertices, foci, eccentricities and asymptotes of the above.

4.  Use shifting and stretching transformations and the process of completing the square to find the equation of and graph a general conic section of form A x^2 + B x + C y^2 + D y + E = 0.

D means you passed but you shouldn’t expect to succeed at the next level

 

C means you passed and you might be able to succeed at the next level but don’t count on it

 

query_12:  graph conic sections, complete square, applications

query_12

 

#12:   Introduction to Conic Sections

·         midpoint and distance between points of the plane

·         (x, y) equidistance from two given points: equation of straight line

·         sum of distances from two given points to (x, y) is constant: equation of an ellipse

·         basic equation of ellipse with semiaxes a and b

#13:   Circles, Ellipses, Hyperbola

·         (x, y) at set distance from (x_0, y_0)

·         equation of circle from condition on inscribed triangle with two vertices on a diameter, third vertex (x, y)

·         (x, y) at proportion p of the way from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2)

·         ellipse as deformed circle

·         graphing the ellipse inscribed in the 2a x 2b rectangle centered at the origin

·         difference of distances of (x, y) from two given points is constant (hyperbola)

·         graphing a hyperbola using a basic rectangle

Objectives:

1.  Know the equations of parabolas with vertex at the origin, and of ellipses and hyperbolas centered at the origin.

2.  Sketch the graph of the equation of an ellipse or a hyperbola centered at the origin, using the 'basic rectangle'.

3.  Find, as appropriate the vertices, foci, eccentricities and asymptotes of the above.

4.  Use shifting and stretching transformations and the process of completing the square to find the equation of and graph a general conic section of form A x^2 + B x + C y^2 + D y + E = 0.

5.  Relate the equation of an ellipse to its properties (center, vertices, foci, semimajor and semiminor axes) and to its geometric definition.

13

10.4, 10.7

qa_13

 

 

text_13

 

Class Notes #14, 16

qa_13: sane, demented, limiting populations, symbolized, multiplication, powers of stochastic matrix; sane, demented, borderline

 

query_13:  equation and graph of hyperbola, conic section in polar coordinates

query_13

 

#14:   Conic Sections at General Positions; Parametric Equations

·         transformations and conic sections

·         distance of (x, y) from directrix equal to distance of (x, y) from focus (equation of parabola)

·         parametric equations for a line through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)

·         parametric equations for a circle based on sine and cosine functions

·         parametric equations for an ellipse based on sine and cosine functions

·         completing the square to define transformations used to graph a conic section

#15:   Parametric Equations

·         using a table to graph (x(t), y(t) ), a <= t <= b

·         eliminating the parameter to expression y in terms of x

·         review: putting the equation of a conic section into standard form

#16:   Polar Coordinates

·         pole, polar axis, coordinates of a point

·         plotting given points

·         ‘grid’ for polar coordinates

·         converting polar to rectangular coordinates

·         polar coordinates of points given in rectangular coordinates

·         sketching r = 7, r = theta, theta = pi/4

·         sketching r = cos(theta), verifying shape of graph

·         sketching r = sin(2 theta)

Objectives:

1.  Perform the operations of addition or multiplication of two compatible matrices, and multiplication of a matrix by a scalar.

2.  Relate the equation of a hyperbola to its properties (center, vertices, foci, semimajor and semiminor axes) and to its geometric definition.

14

11.1,2

qa_14

 

 

text_14

 

Class Notes # 17, 18, 19

qa_14.  Determinants; Systems of Equations and their Geometrical Interpretation

2 x 2; minors; solve system by elimination; represent as augmented matrix and reduce; representation as

query_14:  solving systems, applications

query_14

 

#17:    Introduction to Matrices

·         transitions in population state

·         limiting population state

·         symbolizing transitions

·         transition equations

·         representing a transition equation as product of row of transition probabilities and columns of categorized populations

·         symbolizing transitions by a matrix and a population-state vector

#18:   Transition Matrices

·         using transition matrix to calculate successive population states

·         multiplying a transition matrix by itself

·         using powers of the transition matrix to directly calculate population after a given number of transitions

·         geometric interpretation of changing population states

Objectives:

1.  Determine whether a system of two or three simultaneous linear equations in an equal number of variables has a solution and if so find it using substitution or elimination, as specified. 

2.  Write a system of simultaneous linear equations an augmented matrix and solve by matrix reduction.

15

11.3,4

qa_15

 

 

text_15

 

Class Notes # 20, 21, 22

qa_15:  A X = B; inverting a matrix; cramer’s rule; solve system by matrix reduction

 

query_15:  apply given row operations; reduced echelon form of matrix; solve using inverse; kirchoff; cramer’s rule; mult, addition, distr law for matrices;

query_15

 

#19:   Matrix Representation of Equations; Stochastic Matrices; Dot Product

·         purchasing example with three unknowns

·         three simultaneous linear equations represented as product of matrix and unknown vector

·         stochastic matrix and stock market

·         dot product of two vectors

·         dot product related to magnitudes, angle

#20:   Interpreting Stochastic Matrices

·         3-variable (sane, demented, borderline) stochastic matrix, interpretation

·         stock market interpretation (up, down, unchanged)

#21:   Identity Matrix; Matrix Reduction; Solving Matrix Equations

·         matrix multiplied by column vector yields column vector; identity matrix

·         A x = y solved by x = A^-1 * y

·         solving a system of simultaneous linear equations by elimination

·         matrix version of solution by elimination

·         matrix reduction represents solution by elimination

·         matrix reduction can be conducted without reference to simultaneous equations

 

#22:   Row Reduction; Inverse Matrix

·         we can solve A x = b by finding A^-1

·         a matrix can be inverted by reducing its matrix augmented by the identity matrix

·         when the original matrix has been reduced to the identity, the augmented matrix will have become the inverse matrix

·         the solution to A x = b is x = A^-1 * b

 

Objectives: 

1.  Apply Cramer's Rule to solve a system of linear equations

2.  Know and apply the properties of determinants

3.  Write a system of linear equations as a matrix equation.

4.  Apply the properties of matrices to find sums of multiples and products of compatible matrices.

5.  Find the inverse of a matrix.

6.  Solve matrix equations by applying the inverse matrix.

16

12.1,2

qa_16

 

 

text_16

 

 

qa_16:  Pattern of sequence: representing nth term; arithmetic sequence; partial sums; pattern of partial sums; limit of partial sums; geom seq; sum of geom seq; harmonic sequence (note gen def reciprocals of arithmetic seq obvious correlation with harmonics of string);

 

query_16: includes summation notation; test for geom.; factor to find r in geom.; sum of arithmetic seq; applications

query_16

 

Objectives:

1.  Given an explicit or recursive rule for a sequence, write its first several terms.

2.  Use summation notation to represent the sum of the members of a sequence.

3.  Apply the additive and multiplicative properties of sequences.

4.  Recognize, write, sum and apply arithmetic sequences.

17

12.3,5

qa_17

 

 

text_17

 

Class Notes # 23, 24, 25

qa’s 17 – 19 do not exist

 

query 17: more seq, appl; ex bouncing ball; combinations, permutations; binomial expansion;

query_17

 

#23:   Review of Analytic Geometry; Introduction to Binary Probability

·         general equation A x^2 + B y^2 + C x + D y + E = 0 yields conic sections.

·         summary of graphs of parabolas, ellipses, hyperbolas

·         some parametric equations

·         histogram for coin flips

·         pascal’s triangle

·         combinations

#24:   Combinations; Binomial Formula

·         review: pendulum model

·         combinations

·         powers of a binomial

·         C(n, r) in terms of factorials

·         binomial formula

 

Objectives:

1.  Recognize, write, sum and apply geometric sequences.

2.  Determine convergence of infinite geometric sequences. 

3.  Use the binomial theorem to expand binomials.

18

13.2,3

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query_18:  combinatorics, probability

query_18

 

#25:    Binomial Probability; Estimating Areas

·         dice probabilities:  binomial probability

·         probability of randomly positions points lying within various regions of a rectangle

#26:    Random Walks; Sierpinski Triangle

·         random walk data

·         linearizing data

·         agreement with formula for mean distance after n steps of random walk

·         chaos game:  3 points.  Random point.  Randomly select one of 3 points and move halfway to it.  Continue.

·         result is not to fill in original triangle; we get Sierpinski triangle

 

Objectives:

1.  Apply permutations, combinations and the properties of probability to calculate properties of specified events.

19

 

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 No query 19

query_19

 

Objectives: 
 

from asst 1

 

 

#01:    First Circular Model; Introduction to Radian Measure

·         definition and illustration of radian

·         number of radians corresponding to complete circle

·         relationship between radian measure of angle and arc length on circle, common sense and symbolic

·         dividing the circle into 8 or 12 sectors, labeling angles

#02:    Sketching Exercises

·         time rate of change of angle and peak separation on graph of y vs. t

·         radius of circle at y coordinates of peaks and valleys

·         period, frequency, amplitude, angular frequency, wavelength

·         sketch a graph of y coordinate vs. clock time

·         specify the effect on the curve of the angular velocity of the point moving around the circle

·         Consider the effect of changing the radius of the circle

·         Investigate the effect of the starting point on the graph

#03:    Modeling Periodic Phenomena with Circles

·         Discussion of sketching exercises from preceding class

·         model daily daylight in hours vs. clock time in months

·         modeling problems: general cyclical graphs, day length model, daily mean temperature vs month, tide, buoy

#04:   The Sine Function

·         graph of sine function

·         exact values of sine function

·         graph constructed from reference circle

·         table constructed from exact values, resulting graph

#05:   Modeling with the Sine Function

·         detailed circular model of temperature function vs. months from Jan 1

·         y = A sin(`omega * (t - C) ) + D, effects of four parameters

·         finding historical daily mean temperature for given day of year

·         day length vs. clock time by evaluating parameters A, B, C, D

Classes 6-11:  Triangle Trigonometry, Analytical Trigonometry

#06:   Trigonometric Identities

·         Pythagorean identity based on unit circle

·         Reflection identities

·         Sine and cosine of sum of and difference of two angles

·         Law of Cosines

·         Proving identities

#07:    Tangents and Other Trigonometric Ratios

·         height measured by similar triangles

·         tangent as ratio of rise to run

·         inverse tangent to find angle

#08:    Sines and Cosines as Ratios

·         sine and cosine in terms of opposite side, adjacent side and hypotenuse of right triangle

·         Law of Sines

·         Law of Cosines

·         solving triangles

#09:    Miscellaneous Problems

·         high and low point of a pendulum

·         review: graphing a sine function by transformations

#10:    Solving Trigonometric Equations

·         single solution of a trigonometric equation

·         multiple solutions of a trigonometric equation

·         representation of solutions of trigonometric equations by graphs and/or unit circle

·         graphs of inverse sine and inverse cosine functions

#11:   Inverse Sines, Tangents and Inverse Tangents

·         When do we have 10 hours of daylight?  Solution of the equation, solutions represented by graph and unit circle.

·         fullness of the Moon vs. clock time

·         field of vision and flagpole

Classes 12-16:  Analytic Geometry

#12:   Introduction to Conic Sections

·         midpoint and distance between points of the plane

·         (x, y) equidistance from two given points: equation of straight line

·         sum of distances from two given points to (x, y) is constant: equation of an ellipse

·         basic equation of ellipse with semiaxes a and b

#13:   Circles, Ellipses, Hyperbola

·         (x, y) at set distance from (x_0, y_0)

·         equation of circle from condition on inscribed triangle with two vertices on a diameter, third vertex (x, y)

·         (x, y) at proportion p of the way from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2)

·         ellipse as deformed circle

·         graphing the ellipse inscribed in the 2a x 2b rectangle centered at the origin

·         difference of distances of (x, y) from two given points is constant (hyperbola)

·         graphing a hyperbola using a basic rectangle

#14:   Conic Sections at General Positions; Parametric Equations

·         transformations and conic sections

·         distance of (x, y) from directrix equal to distance of (x, y) from focus (equation of parabola)

·         parametric equations for a line through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)

·         parametric equations for a circle based on sine and cosine functions

·         parametric equations for an ellipse based on sine and cosine functions

·         completing the square to define transformations used to graph a conic section

#15:   Parametric Equations

·         using a table to graph (x(t), y(t) ), a <= t <= b

·         eliminating the parameter to expression y in terms of x

·         review: putting the equation of a conic section into standard form

#16:   Polar Coordinates

·         pole, polar axis, coordinates of a point

·         plotting given points

·         ‘grid’ for polar coordinates

·         converting polar to rectangular coordinates

·         polar coordinates of points given in rectangular coordinates

·         sketching r = 7, r = theta, theta = pi/4

·         sketching r = cos(theta), verifying shape of graph

·         sketching r = sin(2 theta)

Classes 17-23:  Matrices

#17:    Introduction to Matrices

·         transitions in population state

·         limiting population state

·         symbolizing transitions

·         transition equations

·         representing a transition equation as product of row of transition probabilities and columns of categorized populations

·         symbolizing transitions by a matrix and a population-state vector

#18:   Transition Matrices

·         using transition matrix to calculate successive population states

·         multiplying a transition matrix by itself

·         using powers of the transition matrix to directly calculate population after a given number of transitions

·         geometric interpretation of changing population states

#19:   Matrix Representation of Equations; Stochastic Matrices; Dot Product

·         purchasing example with three unknowns

·         three simultaneous linear equations represented as product of matrix and unknown vector

·         stochastic matrix and stock market

·         dot product of two vectors

·         dot product related to magnitudes, angle

#20:   Interpreting Stochastic Matrices

·         3-variable (sane, demented, borderline) stochastic matrix, interpretation

·         stock market interpretation (up, down, unchanged)

#21:   Identity Matrix; Matrix Reduction; Solving Matrix Equations

·         matrix multiplied by column vector yields column vector; identity matrix

·         A x = y solved by x = A^-1 * y

·         solving a system of simultaneous linear equations by elimination

·         matrix version of solution by elimination

·         matrix reduction represents solution by elimination

·         matrix reduction can be conducted without reference to simultaneous equations

#22:   Row Reduction; Inverse Matrix

·         we can solve A x = b by finding A^-1

·         a matrix can be inverted by reducing its matrix augmented by the identity matrix

·         when the original matrix has been reduced to the identity, the augmented matrix will have become the inverse matrix

·         the solution to A x = b is x = A^-1 * b

Classes 23-26:  Probability Models

#23:   Review of Analytic Geometry; Introduction to Binary Probability

·         general equation A x^2 + B y^2 + C x + D y + E = 0 yields conic sections.

·         summary of graphs of parabolas, ellipses, hyperbolas

·         some parametric equations

·         histogram for coin flips

·         pascal’s triangle

·         combinations

#24:   Combinations; Binomial Formula

·         review: pendulum model

·         combinations

·         powers of a binomial

·         C(n, r) in terms of factorials

·         binomial formula

#25:    Binomial Probability; Estimating Areas

·         dice probabilities:  binomial probability

·         probability of randomly positions points lying within various regions of a rectangle

#26:    Random Walks; Sierpinski Triangle

·         random walk data

·         linearizing data

·         agreement with formula for mean distance after n steps of random walk

·         chaos game:  3 points.  Random point.  Randomly select one of 3 points and move halfway to it.  Continue.

·         result is not to fill in original triangle; we get Sierpinski triangle