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course Phy 121
6/14 0003hr
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The simple device used in this experiment can serve as an accurate timing device when the 'beats' of the pendulum are synchronized with two events separated by a consistent time interval.
Observations of this system are consistent with the observed and theoretically predicted behavior of pendulums. Most students report that the experiment takes around an hour, with a range from 30
minutes to 2 hours, and in a few cases longer.
The Pearl Pendulum as shown below a bead (sometimes called a 'pearl', as the bead used in the original version was a fake plastic pearl) on a string, attached to bolt glued to the top of a metal
bracket, using a magnet to 'clamp' the string (in most current versions of the apparatus the bolt glued to the top of the bracket, which proved to be unhelpful, is not included).
You will need to construct the pendulum using the small bead and thin copper wire packed in your lab materials package. In the Spring 2010 version the bead and the wire were taped to the bracket,
or packed in a separate bag with another small object.
The wire is formed into a loop with the two ends protruding, and threaded through the bead.
The ends are pulled through forming a small loop at the top.
The protruding ends are twisted together then flattened against the bottom of the bead.
The above pictures were actually of a steel ball and a thicker wire. The bead and wire you have in your kit look something like this:
When suspended from the pendulum bracket by a thread the system might look something like the picture below. If the pendulum is pulled back and released, it will bounce back to the bracket,
rebound, and repeat its motion a number of times.
However note that in this picture the bracket is resting on end with the bolt glued to it; the bracket is not vertical.
The pearl appears to hanging in its equilibrium position, with a little space between it and the bracket.
As you will soon see, if the bead is just barely touching the bracket when it hangs at its equilibrium position, the rhythm of the bouncing pendulum will remain constant.
The bead is referred to below as the 'pearl'.
When the pearl is released it swings back to the bracket, bounces off the swings back again, repeatedly striking the bracket. The magnet can be used to clamp the thread so the length of the
pendulum remains constant.
If you have just a plain bracket then you simply tilt the bracket in order to achieve a constant rhythm, as described below.
You should set the system up and allow the pearl to bounce off the bracket a few times. The bracket should be stationary; the pendulum is simply pulled back and released to bounce against the
bracket.
Note whether the pearl strikes the bracket more and more frequently or less and less frequently with each bounce. If the pearl does not bounce off the bracket several times after being released,
it might be because the copper wire below the pearl is getting in the way. If necessary you can clip some of the excess wire (being careful to leave enough to keep the bead from falling through).
If the bracket is tilted back a bit, as shown in the next figure below, the pearl will naturally rest against the bracket. Tilt the bracket back a little bit and, keeping the bracket stationary,
release the pendulum.
Listen to the rhythm of the sounds made by the ball striking the bracket.
Do the sounds get closer together or further apart, or does the rhythm remain steady? I.e., does the rhythm get faster or slower, or does it remain constant?
Repeat a few times if necessary until you are sure of your answer.
Insert your answer into the space below, and give a good description of what you heard.
Your response (start in the next line):
The sounds get closer together and you can hear the rhythm getting faster.
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If the bracket is tilted forward a bit, as shown in the figure below, the pearl will naturally hang away from the bracket. Tilt the bracket forward a little bit (not as much as shown in the
figure, but enough that the pearl definitely hangs away from the bracket). Keep the bracket stationary and release the pendulum. Note whether the pearl strikes the bracket more and more
frequently or less and less frequently with each bounce.
Again listen to the rhythm of the sounds made by the ball striking the bracket.
Do the sounds get closer together or further apart, or does the rhythm remain steady? I.e., does the rhythm get faster or slower, or does it remain constant?
Repeat a few times if necessary until you are sure of your answer.
Insert your answer into the box below, and give a good description of what you heard.
Your response (start in the next line):
The sounds get futher apart, the rhythm slows down.
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If the bracket is placed on a perfectly level surface, the pearl will hang straight down, just barely touching the bracket. However most surfaces on which you might place the bracket aren't
perfectly level. Place the bracket on a smooth surface and if necessary tilt it a bit by placing a shim (for a shim you could for example use a thin coin, though on most surfaces you wouldn't need
anything this thick; for a thinner shim you could use a tightly folded piece of paper) beneath one end or the other, adjusting the position and/or the thickness of the shim until the hanging pearl
just barely touches the bracket. Pull the pearl back then release it.
If the rhythm of the pearl bouncing off the bracket speeds up or slows down, adjust the level of the bracket, either tilting it a bit forward or a bit backward, until the rhythm becomes steady.
Describe the process you used to make the rhythm steady, and describe just how steady the rhythm was, and how many times the pendulum hit the bracket..
Your response (start in the next line):
I have my pearl at the bottom of a string held to the bracket by a magnet. I have a paper clip under the bracket to create a little space between the pearl and bracket. This allowed for the pearl
to hit the bracket about 4 times at a steady pace.
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On a reasonably level surface, place one domino under each of the top left and right corners of your closed textbook, with the front cover upward. Place the bracket pendulum on the middle of the
book, with the base of the bracket parallel to one of the sides of the book. Release the pendulum and observe whether the sounds get further apart or closer together. Note the orientation of the
bracket and whether the sounds get further apart or closer together.
Now rotate the base of the bracket 45 degrees counterclockwise and repeat, being sure to note the orientation of the bracket and the progression of the sounds.
Rotate another 45 degrees and repeat.
Continue until you have rotated the bracket back to its original position.
Report your results in such a way that another student could read them and duplicate your experiment exactly. Try to report neither more nor less information than necessary to accomplish this
goal. Use a new line to report the results of each new rotation.
Your response (start in the next line):
Starting point is the bracket is placed parallel with the side of the book with the pearl facing the top of the book. When pulled and released the sounds were getting closer with increased
rhythm.
Rotating 45 degree counterclockwise rotation, the pearl is now facing toward the top left corner of the book. There is a steady rhythm when pearl is released.
Rotating the bracket another 45 degrees counterclockwise, the pearl is now facing the spine side of the book. The pearl had a steady rhythm in this position.
Rotating another 45 degrees counterclockwise, the pearl is now facing the bottom left corner of the book. Sound are getting farther apart.
Rotating 45 degrees counterclockwise, the pearl is now facing the bottom of the book. Sound is getting even farther apart than previous position.
Rotating 45 degrees counterclockwise, the pearl is now facing the bottom right corner of the book. Sound appears to be getting farther apart, and the pearl is not hitting as hard.
Rotation of 45 degrees counterclockwise, the pearl is now facing the center of the side the book opens. The rhythem is steady.
Rotating 45 degrees counterclockwise, the pearl is now facing the top right corner of the book. There is an increased rhythm while sound gets closer. together.
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Describe how you would orient the bracket to obtain the most regular 'beat' of the pendulum.
Your response (start in the next line):
I would face the pearl to the open side or back (spine) side fo the book, that is where I got the regular rhythm.
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Orient the bracket in this position and start the TIMER program. Adjust the pendulum to the maximum length at which it will still bounce regularly.
Practice the following procedure for a few minutes:
Pull the pendulum back, ready to release it, and place your finger on the button of your mouse. Have the mouse cursor over the Click to Time Event button. Concentrate on releasing the pendulum at
the same instant you click the mouse, and release both. Do this until you are sure you are consistently releasing the pendulum and clicking the mouse at the same time.
Now you will repeat the same procedure, but you will time both the instant of release and the instant at which the pendulum 'hits' the bracket the second time. The order of events will be:
click and release the pendulum simultaneously
the pendulum will strike the bracket but you won't click
the pendulum will strike the bracket a second time and you will click at the same instant
We don't attempt to time the first 'hit', which occurs too soon after release for most people to time it accurately.
Practice until you can release the pendulum with one mouse click, then click again at the same instant as the second strike of the pendulum.
When you think you can conduct an accurate timing, initialize the timer and do it for real. Do a series of 8 trials, and record the 8 time intervals below, one interval to each line. You may
round the time intervals to the nearest .001 second.
Starting in the 9th line, briefly describe what your numbers mean and how they were obtained.
Your response (start in the next line):
.402
.336
.383
.367
.359
.336
.351
.390
These are the time interval between the release of the pearl to the second striking of the bracket, there are 8 trials.
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Finally, you will repeat once more, but you will time every second 'hit' until the pendulum stops swinging. That is, you will release, time the second 'hit', then time the fourth, the sixth, etc..
Practice until you think you are timing the events accurately, then do four trials.
Report your time intervals for each trial on a separate line, with commas between the intervals. For example look at the format shown below:
.925, .887, .938, .911
.925, .879, .941
etc.
In the example just given, the second trial only observed 3 intervals, while the first observed 4. This is possible. Just report what happens in the space below. Then on a new line give a brief
description of what your results mean and how they were obtained.
Your response (start in the next line):
.544, .429, .539
.569, .442, .544
.532, .433, .522
.578, .495, .528
I measured the begining to ending of releasing to stoping of this pendulum. This shows how the pendulum sped up and slowed down during this period.
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Now measure the length of the pendulum. (For the two-pearl system the length is measured from the bottom of the 'fixed' pearl (the one glued to the top of the bracket) to the middle of the
'swinging' pearl. For the system which uses a bolt and magnet at the top instead of the pearl, you would measure from the bottom of the bolt to the center of the pearl). Using a ruler marked in
centimeters, you should be able to find this length to within the nearest millimeter.
What is the length of the pendulum?
Your response (start in the next line):
10.3 cm
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If you have timed these events accurately, you will see clearly that the time from release to the second 'hit' appears to be different than the time between the second 'hit' and the fourth 'hit'.
On the average,
how much time elapses between release and the second 'hit' of the pendulum,
how much time elapses between the second and fourth 'hit' and
how much time elapses between the fourth and sixth 'hit'?
Report your results as three numbers separated by commas, e.g.,
.63, .97, .94
Your response (start in the next line):
.555, .480, .533
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A full cycle of a free pendulum is from extreme point to equilibrium to opposite extreme point then back to equilibrium and finally back to the original extreme point (or almost to the original
extreme point, since the pendulum is losing energy as it swings)..
The pearl pendulum is released from an 'extreme point' and strikes the bracket at its equilibrium point, so it doesn't get to the opposite extreme point.
It an interval consists of motion from extreme point to equilibrium, or from equilibrium to extreme point, how many intervals occur between release and the first 'hit'?
Your response (start in the next line):
1/2 interval
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How many intervals, as the word was described above, occur between the first 'hit' and the second 'hit'? Explain how your description differs from that of the motion between release and the first
'hit'.
Your response (start in the next line):
1, because a full cycle occurs between 1st and 2nd hit. Whereas just by 1st you get a half cycle.
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How many intervals occur between release and the second 'hit', and how does this differ from the motion between the second 'hit' and the fourth 'hit'?
Your response (start in the next line):
3 intervals occur from release to the second hit. There are 4 intervals between the second hit and fourth hit.
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How many intervals occur between the second 'hit' and the fourth 'hit', and how does this differ from a similar description of the motion between the fourth 'hit' and the sixth 'hit'?
Your response (start in the next line):
4 intervals occur from second and forth hit. There are 4 intervals between the fourth and sixth hit.
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Why would we expect that the time interval between release to 2d 'hit' should be shorter than the subsequent timed intervals (2d to 4th, 4th to 6th, etc.)?
Your response (start in the next line):
This timing is from the initial release therefore it will be shorter.
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Would we expect additional subsequent time intervals to increase, decrease or stay the same?
Your response (start in the next line):
I expect the time intervals to increase, due to the pendulum is swinging slower, taking more time to hit the bracket.
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What evidence does this experiment provide for or against the hypothesis that the length of a pendulum's swing depends only on its length, and is independent of how far it actually swings?
Your response (start in the next line):
Height at which you release the pearl, the interval you are counting are a couple examples of factors that effect the determination of the length of the pendulum's swing.
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Your instructor is trying to gauge the typical time spent by students on these experiments. Please answer the following question as accurately as you can, understanding that your answer will be
used only for the stated purpose and has no bearing on your grades:
Approximately how long did it take you to complete this experiment?
Your response (start in the next line):
1 hr
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Very good.
One note:
The word 'cycle' has a very specific meaning. For a freely swinging pendulum a cycle runs from one extreme point to equilibrium to the other extreme point, back to equilibrium and finally back to the starting point. So what you are calling a cycle is actually a half cycle.
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