assn 16

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course Mth 151

same as befor hard to show work but getting it so far

Question: `q001. There are 6 questions in this set.

Is the following argument valid? 'If it rains, the grass will get wet. If the grass gets wet, we'll be able to smell the wet grass. It rained yesterday. Therefore yesterday we were able to smell the wet grass.'

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Your solution:

Yes valid statement

confidence rating #$&* 3

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Given Solution:

This argument certainly seems valid. We say what will happen if rains, and what will happen is that happens. Then we say that it rains, so the whole chain of happenings, rained then wet grass then smell, should follow.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

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Self-critique rating #$&*

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Question: `q002. Is the following argument valid: 'If it snows, the roads will be slippery. If the roads are slippery they'll be safer to drive on. Yesterday it snowed. Therefore yesterday the roads were safer to drive on.'

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Your solution:

If it as as stated in this statement then yes in theory this is valid

confidence rating #$&* 3

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Given Solution:

The validity of an argument has nothing to do with whether the statements in that argument are true or not. All we are allowed to do is assume that the statements are indeed true, and see if the conclusions of the argument therefore hold. In this case, we might well question the statement 'if the roads are slippery they'll be safer to drive on', which certainly seems untrue. However that has nothing to do with the validity of the argument itself. We can later choose to reject the conclusion because it is based on a faulty assumption, but we cannot say that the argument is invalid because of a faulty assumption.

This argument tells us that something will happen if it snows, and then tells us what we can conclude from that. It then tells us that it snows, and everything follows logically along a transitive chain, starting from from the first thing.

STUDENT COMMENT: so it does not matter that the roads are not safer when they're slippery, what matters is that the statement said they are when snows and snowed yesterday therefore the roads were safer yesterday

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE: Right. The statements don't have to be true for the argument to be valid. Of course, if the statements aren't true then even though the argument is valid the conclusion might not be true. The old saying is 'garbage in, garbage out'. If you put 'garbage' (i.e., false statements) into a logical argument, that argument can indeed result in 'garbage' (i.e., a false statement as the logical conclusion).

STUDENT COMMENT:

According to the statement it is true, but I might question this about driving on slippery roads.

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE:

That assumption is deliberately absurd, to help make a clear distinction between correct assumptions and correct logic.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

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Self-critique rating #$&*

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Question: `q003. Is the following argument valid: 'Today it will rain or it will snow. Today it didn't rain. Therefore today it snowed.'

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Your solution:

Yes this is valid

confidence rating #$&* 3

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Given Solution:

If we accept the fact that it will do one thing or another, then at least one of those things must happen. If it is known that if one of those things fails to happen, then, the other must. Therefore this argument is valid.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

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Self-critique rating #$&*

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Question: `q004. Is the following argument valid: 'If it doesn't rain we'll have a picnic. We don't have a picnic. Therefore it rained.'

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Your solution:

Yes this is valid

confidence rating #$&* 3

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Given Solution:

In this argument where told the something must happen as a result of a certain condition. That thing is not happen, so the condition cannot have been satisfied. The condition was that it doesn't rain; since this condition cannot have been satisfied that it must have rained. The argument is valid.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

&#Your response did not agree with the given solution in all details, and you should therefore have addressed the discrepancy with a full self-critique, detailing the discrepancy and demonstrating exactly what you do and do not understand about the parts of the given solution on which your solution didn't agree, and if necessary asking specific questions (to which I will respond).

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Question: `q005. We can symbolize the following argument: 'If it rains, the grass gets wet. If the grass gets wet, we'll be able to smell the wet grass. It rained yesterday. Therefore yesterday we were able to smell the wet grass.' Let p stand for 'It rains', q for 'the grass gets wet' and r for 'we can smell the wet grass'. Then the first sentence forms a compound statement which we symbolize as p -> q. Symbolize the remaining statements in the argument.

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Your solution:

I didn’t get this one but I see where I messed up and I think I just didn’t take my time enulf. I feel good about the translating these statements though

confidence rating #$&*

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Given Solution:

The argument gives three conditions, 'If it rains, the grass gets wet. If the grass gets wet, we'll be able to smell the wet grass. It rained yesterday.', which are symbolized p -> q, q -> r and p. It says that under these three conditions, the statement r, 'we can smell the wet grass', must be true. Therefore the argument can be symbolized by the complex statement [ (p -> q) ^ (q -> r) ^ p] -> r.

STUDENT COMMENT: becuase the statment is valid r will be on the outside of the parenthesis

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE: It doesn't matter whether the statement is valid or not.

The premises go into the parentheses or brackets, the conclusion follows the -> sign.

The form of the argument is

[premises] -> conclusion,

where the premises inside the brackets are joined by conjunctions.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Self-critique rating #$&*

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Question: `q006. The preceding argument was symbolized as [ (p -> q) ^ (q -> r) ^ p] -> r. Determine whether this statement is true for p, q, r truth values F F T.

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Your solution:

T

I got it but it took me a while I need to study these relationships a little more

confidence rating #$&* 2

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Given Solution:

For these truth values p -> q is true since p is false (recall that the only way p -> q can be false is for p to be true and q to be false), q -> r is false since q is false, and p itself is false, therefore [ (p -> q) ^ (q -> r) ^ p] is false. This makes [ (p -> q) ^ (q -> r) ^ p] -> r true, since the statement can only be false if [ (p -> q) ^ (q -> r) ^ p] is true while r is false.

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&#Be sure to see my note(s), inserted at various places in this document, and let me know if you have questions. &#

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