Assignment 2

course Mth 163

Your work on this assignment is very good. In some cases, though, a little more detail in solutions and self-critique would be useful. See my notes (in boldface) and you'll see what I mean.

If you have questions on any of these concepts or procedures please send me specific questions.

Zک[т򻜉assignme TٹJEӠzꔤ Precalculus I 01-28-2006

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11:09:19 What were temperature and time for the first, third and fifth data points (express as temp vs clock time ordered pairs)?

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RESPONSE --> (0,95) (20,60) (40,41)

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11:09:26 ** Continue to the next question **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:10:09 According to your graph what would be the temperatures at clock times 7, 19 and 31?

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RESPONSE --> (7,78) (19,59) (31,47)

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11:10:14 ** Continue to the next question **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:10:39 What three points did you use as a basis for your quadratic model (express as ordered pairs)?

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RESPONSE --> (10,75) (30,49) (60,30)

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11:11:15 ** A good choice of points `spreads' the points out rather than using three adjacent points. For example choosing the t = 10, 20, 30 points would not be a good idea here since the resulting model will fit those points perfectly but by the time we get to t = 60 the fit will probably not be good. Using for example t = 10, 30 and 60 would spread the three points out more and the solution would be more likely to fit the data. The solution to this problem by a former student will be outlined in the remaining `answers'. STUDENT SOLUTION (this student probably used a version different from the one you used; this solution is given here for comparison of the steps) For my quadratic model, I used the three points (10, 75) (20, 60) (60, 30). **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:11:41 What is the first equation you got when you substituted into the form of a quadratic?

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RESPONSE --> 100a+10b+c=75

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11:11:47 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The equation that I got from the first data point (10,75) was 100a + 10b +c = 75.**

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:12:04 What is the second equation you got when you substituted into the form of a quadratic?

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RESPONSE --> 900a+30b+c=49

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11:12:10 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The equation that I got from my second data point was 400a + 20b + c = 60 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:12:28 What is the third equation you got when you substituted into the form of a quadratic?

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RESPONSE --> 3600a+60b+c=30

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11:12:36 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The equation that I got from my third data point was 3600a + 60b + c = 30. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:15:03 What multiple of which equation did you first add to what multiple of which other equation to eliminate c, and what is the first equation you got when you eliminated c?

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RESPONSE --> To eliminate c I subracted the first equation from the second. 900a+30b+c=49 - (100a+10b+c=75) The first equation I got was 800a+20b=-26

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11:15:12 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: First, I subtracted the second equation from the third equation in order to eliminate c. By doing this, I obtained my first new equation 3200a + 40b = -30. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:17:25 To get the second equation what multiple of which equation did you add to what multiple of which other quation, and what is the resulting equation?

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RESPONSE --> I subtracted my first equation from my third equation to also eliminate c. 3600a+60b+c=30 -(100a+10b+c=75) My resulting equation was... 3500a+50b=-45

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11:17:31 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: This time, I subtracted the first equation from the third equation in order to again eliminate c. I obtained my second new equation: 3500a + 50b = -45**

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:20:57 Which variable did you eliminate from these two equations, and what was the value of the variable for which you solved these equations?

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RESPONSE --> I decided to eliminate b. 2(3500a+50b=-45) -5 (800a+20b=-26) 7000a+100b=-90 - 4000a-100b=130 (3000a/3000) = (40/3000) a = .013

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11:21:10 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: In order to solve for a and b, I decided to eliminate b because of its smaller value. In order to do this, I multiplied the first new equation by -5 -5 ( 3200a + 40b = -30) and multiplied the second new equation by 4 4 ( 3500a + 50b = -45) making the values of -200 b and 200 b cancel one another out. The resulting equation is -2000 a = -310. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:23:45 What equation did you get when you substituted this value into one of the 2-variable equations, and what did you get for the other variable?

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RESPONSE --> 800(.013)+20b=-26 10.4+20b=-26 -10.4 -10.4 (20b/20) = (36.4/20) b = -1.82

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11:23:51 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: After eliminating b, I solved a to equal .015 a = .015 I then substituted this value into the equation 3200 (.015) + 40b = -30 and solved to find that b = -1.95. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:25:26 What is the value of c obtained from substituting into one of the original equations?

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RESPONSE --> 900(.013)+30(-1.82)+c=49 11.7-54.6+c=49 -42.9+c=49 +42.9 +42.9 c=91.9

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11:25:32 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: By substituting both a and b into the original equations, I found that c = 93 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:26:33 What is the resulting quadratic model?

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RESPONSE --> y = (.013)x^2 - (1.82)x + 91.9

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11:26:37 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: Therefore, the quadratic model that I obtained was y = (.015) x^2 - (1.95)x + 93. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:29:57 What did your quadratic model give you for the first, second and third clock times on your table, and what were your deviations for these clock times?

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RESPONSE --> First time 91.9 first deviation 3.1 Second Time 75 second deviation 0 Third Time 60.7 third deviation .7

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11:30:58 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: This model y = (.015) x^2 - (1.95)x + 93 evaluated for clock times 0, 10 and 20 gave me these numbers: First prediction: 93 Deviation: 2 Then, since I used the next two ordered pairs to make the model, I got back }the exact numbers with no deviation. So. the next two were Fourth prediction: 48 Deviation: 1 Fifth prediction: 39 Deviation: 2. **

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RESPONSE --> should I have used a different set of ordered pairs for my second prediction because I used it in my equation?

The question asked for the first, second and third. So your answer was correct.

And you will get deviation 0 from any of your chosen points, provided you have solved the equations correctly.

Good answer.

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11:31:17 What was your average deviation?

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RESPONSE --> My average deviation was .8

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11:31:21 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: My average deviation was .6 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:31:53 Is there a pattern to your deviations?

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RESPONSE --> The numbers seem to go down then up then down again.

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11:31:58 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: There was no obvious pattern to my deviations. INSTRUCTOR NOTE: Common patterns include deviations that start positive, go negative in the middle then end up positive again at the end, and deviations that do the opposite, going from negative to positive to negative. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:32:05 Have you studied the steps in the modeling process as presented in Overview, the Flow Model, Summaries of the Modeling Process, and do you completely understand the process?

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RESPONSE --> Yes

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11:32:14 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: Yes, I do completely understand the process after studying these outlines and explanations. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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11:33:15 Have you memorized the steps of the modeling process, and are you gonna remember them forever? Convince me.

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RESPONSE --> Yes I have printed out a copy of them plus, since when I write things down I remember them better, I have hand copied a few papers.

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11:33:23 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: Yes, sir, I have memorized the steps of the modeling process at this point. I also printed out an outline of the steps in order to refresh my memory often, so that I will remember them forever!!! INSTRUCTOR COMMENT: OK, I'm convinced. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:03:50 Query Completion of Model first problem: Completion of model from your data.Give your data in the form of depth vs. clock time ordered pairs.

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RESPONSE --> (5.3,63.7) (10.6,54.8) (15.9,46) (21.2,37.7) (26.5,32) (31.8,26.6)

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12:04:43 ** STUDENT SOLUTION: Here are my data which are from the simulated data provided on the website under randomized problems. (5.3, 63.7) (10.6. 54.8) (15.9, 46) (21.2, 37.7) (26.5, 32) (31.8, 26.6). **

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RESPONSE --> I got the exact same data from the radomized problems.

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12:06:08 What three points on your graph did you use as a basis for your model?

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RESPONSE --> (5.3,63.7) (15.9,46) (26.5,32)

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12:06:43 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: As the basis for my graph, I used ( 5.3, 63.7) (15.9, 46) (26.5, 32)**

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RESPONSE --> I also chose those three points

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12:07:05 Give the first of your three equations.

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RESPONSE --> 28.09a + 5.3b + c = 63.7

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12:07:12 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The point (5.3, 63.7) gives me the equation 28.09a + 5.3b + c = 63.7 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:07:32 Give the second of your three equations.

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RESPONSE --> 252.81a +15.9b + c = 46

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12:07:37 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The point (15.9, 46) gives me the equation 252.81a +15.9b + c = 46 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:07:56 Give the third of your three equations.

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RESPONSE --> 702.25a + 26.5b + c = 32

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12:08:01 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The point (26.5,32) gives me the equation 702.25a + 26.5b + c = 32. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:14:18 Give the first of the equations you got when you eliminated c.

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RESPONSE --> I subtracted the second equation from the first equation. 702.25a+26.5b+c=30 -(252.81a+15.9b+c=46) 449.44a+10.6b=-14

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12:14:27 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: Subtracting the second equation from the third gave me 449.44a + 10.6b = -14. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:18:13 Give the second of the equations you got when you eliminated c.

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RESPONSE --> I subtracted the first equation from the third equation. 702.25a+26.5b+c=32 -(28.09a+5.3b+c=63.7) 674.16a+21.2b=-31.7

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12:18:19 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: Subtracting the first equation from the third gave me 674.16a + 21.2b = -31.7. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:34:15 Explain how you solved for one of the variables.

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RESPONSE --> I eliminated b as shown below: 21.2(449.44a+10.6b=-14) -10.6(674.16a+21.2b=-31.7) 9528.128a+224.72b=296.8 -7146.096a-224.72b=336.02 2382.032a=39.22

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12:34:20 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: In order to solve for a, I eliminated b by multiplying the first equation by 21.2, which was the b value in the second equation. Then, I multiplied the seond equation by -10.6, which was the b value of the first equation, only I made it negative so they would cancel out. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:34:37 What values did you get for a and b?

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RESPONSE --> a=.0165 b=-2

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12:34:44 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: a = .0165, b = -2 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:35:06 What did you then get for c?

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RESPONSE --> c=73.4

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12:35:10 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: c = 73.4 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:37:14 What is your function model?

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RESPONSE --> y = (.0165)x^2 + (-2)x + 73.4

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12:37:18 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: y = (.0165)x^2 + (-2)x + 73.4. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:38:59 What is your depth prediction for the given clock time (give clock time also)?

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RESPONSE --> My depth prediction was 16.314cm The time was 46 seconds.

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12:39:05 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The given clock time was 46 seconds, and my depth prediction was 16.314 cm.**

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:40:27 What clock time corresponds to the given depth (give depth also)?

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RESPONSE --> 68 = .01t^2 - 1.6t + 126 x = 55.5 & 104.5

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12:40:34 ** INSTRUCTOR COMMENT: The exercise should have specified a depth. The specifics will depend on your model and the requested depth. For your model y = (.0165)x^2 + (-2)x + 73.4, if we wanted to find the clock time associated with depth 68 we would note that depth is y, so we would let y be 68 and solve the resulting equation: 68 = .01t^2 - 1.6t + 126 using the quadratic formula. There are two solutions, x = 55.5 and x = 104.5, approximately. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:41:07 Completion of Model second problem: grade average Give your data in the form of grade vs. clock time ordered pairs.

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RESPONSE --> (0, 1) (10, 1.790569) (20, 2.118034) (30, 2.369306) (40, 2.581139) (50, 2.767767) (60, 2.936492) (70, 3.09165) (80, 3.236068) (90, 3.371708) (100, 3.5).

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12:41:13 ** STUDENT SOLUTION: Grade vs. percent of assignments reviewed (0, 1) (10, 1.790569) (20, 2.118034) (30, 2.369306) (40, 2.581139) (50, 2.767767) (60, 2.936492) (70, 3.09165) (80, 3.236068) (90, 3.371708) (100, 3.5). **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:42:15 What three points on your graph did you use as a basis for your model?

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RESPONSE --> (30, 2.369306) (60, 2.936492) (90, 3.371708)

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12:42:20 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: (20, 2.118034) (50, 2.767767) (100, 3.5)**

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:46:32 Give the first of your three equations.

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RESPONSE --> 900a+30b+c=2.369306

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12:46:36 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 400a + 20b + c = 2.118034**

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:47:39 Give the second of your three equations.

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RESPONSE --> 3600a+60b+c=2.936492

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12:47:44 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 2500a + 50b + c = 2.767767 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:48:45 Give the third of your three equations.

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RESPONSE --> 8100a+90b+c=3.371708

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12:48:53 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 10,000a + 100b + c = 3.5 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:51:31 Give the first of the equations you got when you eliminated c.

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RESPONSE --> 4500a-30b=.0435216

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12:51:36 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 7500a + 50b = .732233. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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12:53:36 Give the second of the equations you got when you eliminated c.

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RESPONSE --> 7200a+60b=1.002402

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12:53:46 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: Subracting the first equation from the third I go 9600a + 80b = 1.381966 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:00:54 Explain how you solved for one of the variables.

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RESPONSE --> -2(4500a+30b=.0435216) + 7200a+60b=1.002402 9000a-60b=.0870430 +7200+60b=1.002402 16200a=1.089445

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13:01:02 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: In order to solve for a, I eliminated the variable b. In order to do this, I multiplied the first new equation by 80 and the second new equation by -50. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:04:35 What values did you get for a and b?

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RESPONSE --> a=.0000672 b=.00864

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13:04:40 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: a = -.0000876638 b = .01727 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:07:40 What did you then get for c?

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RESPONSE --> c = 3.052028

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13:07:45 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: c = 1.773. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:09:49 What is your function model?

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RESPONSE --> y = (.0000672)x^2 + (.00864)x + 3.052028

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13:09:54 ** y = -.0000876638 x^2 + (.01727)x + 1.773 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:16:31 What is your percent-of-review prediction for the given range of grades (give grade range also)?

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RESPONSE --> 70% range 0-100%

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13:16:37 ** The precise solution depends on the model desired average. For example if the model is y = -.00028 x^2 + .06 x + .5 (your model will probably be different from this) and the grade average desired is 3.3 we would find the percent of review x corresponding to grade average y = 3.3 then we have 3.3 = -.00028 x^2 + .06 x + .5. This equation is easily solved using the quadratic formula, remembering to put the equation into the required form a x^2 + b x + c = 0. We get two solutions, x = 69 and x = 146. Our solutions are therefore 69% grade review, which is realistically within the 0 - 100% range, and 146%, which we might reject as being outside the range of possibility. To get a range you would solve two equations, on each for the percent of review for the lower and higher ends of the range. In many models the attempt to solve for a 4.0 average results in an expression which includes the square root of a negative number; this indicates that there is no real solution and that a 4.0 is not possible. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:20:10 What grade average corresponds to the given percent of review (give grade average also)?

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RESPONSE --> 3.98

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13:20:24 ** Here you plug in your percent of review for the variable. For example if your model is y = -.00028 x^2 + .06 x + .5 and the percent of review is 75, you plug in 75 for x and evaluate the result. The result gives you the grade average corresponding to the percent of review according to the model. **

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RESPONSE --> Im not sure I did this correctly

You need to give the details of your solution here. I can't tell from just your answer what you did to get it, and it's important for you to communicate the process, especially when there might be some doubt that you did the right thing.

If you copy the relevant section of this document and insert the details of your solution, and send it to me I'll be glad to critique it for you.

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13:23:12 How well does your model fit the data (support your answer)?

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RESPONSE --> My model doesn't fit the data very well. My results seem to be higher than the actual data

You have the process down very well, but there's a lot of arithmetic involved in solving the equations, and it's easy to make an error. Just one error in one step will throw your model way off.

I can't easily spot your error, but there's an arithmetic error somewhere in your solution. The correct solution for your three chosen points is y = -.00008 t^2 + 0.026t + 1.66.

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13:23:22 ** You should have evaluated your function at each given percent of review-i.e., at 0, 10, 20, 30, . 100 to get the predicted grade average for each. Comparing your results with the given grade averages shows whether your model fits the data. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:24:05 illumination vs. distance Give your data in the form of illumination vs. distance ordered pairs.

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RESPONSE --> (1, 935.1395) (2, 264..4411) (3, 105.1209) (4, 61.01488) (5, 43.06238) (6, 25.91537) (7, 19.92772) (8, 16.27232) (9, 11.28082) (10, 9.484465)

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13:24:09 ** STUDENT SOLUTION: (1, 935.1395) (2, 264..4411) (3, 105.1209) (4, 61.01488) (5, 43.06238) (6, 25.91537) (7, 19.92772) (8, 16.27232) (9, 11.28082) (10, 9.484465)**

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:24:26 What three points on your graph did you use as a basis for your model?

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RESPONSE --> (2, 264.4411) (4, 61.01488) (8, 16.27232)

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13:24:37 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: (2, 264.4411) (4, 61.01488) (8, 16.27232) **

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RESPONSE --> I used the same data

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13:24:50 Give the first of your three equations.

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RESPONSE --> 4a + 2b + c = 264.4411

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13:24:54 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 4a + 2b + c = 264.4411**

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:25:02 Give the second of your three equations.

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RESPONSE --> 6a + 4b + c = 61.01488

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13:25:07 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 16a + 4b + c = 61.01488**

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:25:41 Give the third of your three equations.

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RESPONSE --> 64a + 8b + c = 16.27232

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13:25:45 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 64a + 8b + c = 16.27232**

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:26:00 Give the first of the equations you got when you eliminated c.

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RESPONSE --> 48a + 4b = -44.74256

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13:26:04 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 48a + 4b = -44.74256**

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:26:15 Give the second of the equations you got when you eliminated c.

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RESPONSE --> 60a + 6b = -248.16878

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13:26:20 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 60a + 6b = -248.16878**

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:28:24 Explain how you solved for one of the variables.

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RESPONSE --> 4 (48a + 4b = -44.74256) -6 (60a + 6b = -248.16878)

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13:28:40 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: I solved for a by eliminating the variable b. I multiplied the first new equation by 4 and the second new equation by -6 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:28:47 What values did you get for a and b?

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RESPONSE --> a = 15.088 b = -192.24

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13:28:51 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: a = 15.088, b = -192.24 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:29:01 What did you then get for c?

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RESPONSE --> c = 588.5691

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13:29:05 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: c = 588.5691**

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:29:18 What is your function model?

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RESPONSE --> y = (15.088) x^2 - (192.24)x + 588.5691

This model is correct; you got the arithmetic right here, as you have on most of these.

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13:29:21 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: y = (15.088) x^2 - (192.24)x + 588.5691 **

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RESPONSE -->

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13:29:25 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: y = (15.088) x^2 - (192.24)x + 588.5691 **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:30:16 What is your illumination prediction for the given distance (give distance also)?

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RESPONSE --> illumination prediction was 319.61 w/m^2 distance was 1.6 Earth distances from the sun

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13:30:20 ** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The given distance was 1.6 Earth distances from the sun. My illumination prediction was 319.61 w/m^2, obtained by evaluating my function model for x = 1.6. **

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RESPONSE --> ok

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13:33:45 What distances correspond to the given illumination range (give illumination range also)?

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RESPONSE --> I'm not sure I understand this. I will read my notes again and try to grasp to concept

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13:34:18 ** The precise solution depends on the model and the range of averages. For example if the model is y =9.4 r^2 - 139 r + 500 and the illumination range is 25 to 100 we would find the distance r corresponding to illumination y = 25, then the distance r corresponding to illumination y = 100, by solving the equations 25=9.4 r^2 - 139 r + 500 and 100 =9.4 r^2 - 139 r + 500 Both of these equations are easily solved using the quadratic formula, remembering to put both into the required form a r^2 + b r + c = 0. Both give two solutions, only one solution of each having and correspondence at all with the data. The solutions which correspond to the data are r = 3.9 when y = 100 and r = 5.4 when y = 25. So when the distance x has range 3.9 - 5.4 the illumination range is 25 to 100. Note that a quadratic model does not fit this data well. Sometimes data is quadratic in nature, sometimes it is not. We will see as the course goes on how some situations are accurately modeled by quadratic functions, while others are more accurately modeled by exponential or power functions. **

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RESPONSE --> Ok, now I understand what is going on.

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