Query117

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course Mth 277

12/6/2011 525pm

If your solution to stated problem does not match the given solution, you should self-critique per instructions at

http://vhcc2.vhcc.edu/dsmith/geninfo/labrynth_created_fall_05/levl1_22/levl2_81/file3_259.htm

.

Your solution, attempt at solution. If you are unable to attempt a solution, give a phrase-by-phrase interpretation of the problem along with a statement of what you do or do not understand about it. This response should be given, based on the work you did in completing the assignment, before you look at the given solution.

At the end of this document, after the qa problems (which provide you with questions and solutions), there is a series of Questions, Problems and Exercises.

11.5

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Question: `q001. Consider f(x,y) = 3x^2 - 5xy + y^2 + 3. Find the critical points, and classify each point as either a relative maximum, relative minimum,

or saddle point.

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Your solution:

f_x = 6x - 5y

f_y = -5x + 2y

-5x + 2y =0

y = (5/2)x

0 = 6x - 5[(5/2)x]

0 = -6.5x

x=0, therefore y = 0

Critical points at (0,0)

f_xx = 6

f_yy = 2

f_xy = -5

relative max at (6,2)

f_xx + f_yy - (f_xy)^2

= 6 + 2 +25

= 33

Not a saddle point

must be a relative min

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

f_x = 6 x - 5 y and f_y = 5 x + 2 y. Our critical point therefore occurs when

6x - 5y = 0 and

5x + 2y = 0.

Solving simultaneously we get x = 0, y = 0 so our critical point is (0, 0).

The second derivatives are f_xx = 6, f_yy = 5 and f_xy = -5. f_xx and f_yy are both positive, indicating that if the critical point is not a saddle point,

it is a minimum

f_xx * f_yy - f_xy^2 = 6 * 5 - (-5)^2 = 5, which is > 0 and indicates that the critical point is not a saddle point.

The one critical point for this function therefore corresponds to a relative minimum, which occurs at the point (0, 0, f(0, 0)) = (0, 0, 3).

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Self-critique (if necessary): OK

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Self-critique rating:

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Question: `q002. Consider f(x,y) = x^2 - y^2 + xy/16. Find the critical points, and classify each point as either a relative maximum, relative minimum, or

saddle point.

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Your solution:

f_x = 2x + y/16 = 0

x = -y/8

f_y = -2y + x/16

0 = -2y + (-y/8)/16

y = 0

x = 0

f_xx = 2

f_yy = -2

f_xy = 1/16

f_xx + f_yy + f_xy

= 2 - 2 - (1/16)^2 < 0

therefore we have a saddle point.

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution: f_x = 2 x + y / 16 and f_y = -2 y + x / 16.

Setting the two equal to zero and solving we find that (0, 0) is our only critical point.

f_xx = 2 and f_yy = -2. This indicates that the y = 0 'slice' of the graph has a minimum while the x = 0 'slice' has a maximum.

The critical point therefore yields a saddle point.

We could evaluate f_xy (which is 1/16) and test for a saddle point, but we've already seen that we do have a saddle point. So we normally wouldn't bother.

However, just to illustrate that the test for a saddle point works in this case, let's do the test.

f_xx * f_yy - f_xy ^ 2 = 2 * (-2) - (1/16)^2 = -4 - 1/16. This is clearly < 0, indicating what we already knew, that the point (0, 0) is a saddle point.

Note how f_xx * f_yy came out negative, since the signs of the two second derivatives differed. As soon as this happened the left-hand side was doomed to

be negative, since the only other term - f_xy ^ 2 (being the negative of a square) cannot be positive.

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Self-critique (if necessary): OK

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Self-critique rating:

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Question: `q003. Find the least squares regression line for the set of points {(4,-2), (3,-1), (0,0), (-1,3), (-2,1), (-3,2)}.

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Your solution:

I set up a table

x,y,xy,x^2

4,2,8,16

3,-1,-3,9

0,0,0,0

-1,3,-3,1

-2,1,-2,4

-3,2,-6,9

1,7,-6,39

The first line is the variables to be found for each point

The second line is the first point (4,-2) solved for each of the variables in the first line

The third, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th lines are the set of point (3,-1), (0,0), (-1,3), (-2,1), (-3,2), solved for the variables in the first line

the 8th line is the sum of each of the each column

I used the least squares regression line:

a = [n*sum(xy) - sum(x)*sum(y)] / [n*sumx^2 - (sumx)^2]

= -43/233 =app -0.185 is the x value

b = (1/n)*[sumy - a*sumx]

=appr 1.136 is the y value

least squares regression y = -0.185x + 1.136

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

If y = a x + b, then the points on the line corresponding to x = 4, 3, 0, -1, -2, -3 have respective y coordinates 4 a + b, 3 a + b, b, -a + b, -2 a + b and -3 a + b. These differ from the given y coordinates by respective amounts 4 a + b - (-2), 3 a + b - (-1), b, -a + b - 3, -2 a + b - 1 and -3a + b - 2.

The sum of the squares of these differences is thus

(4 a + b - (-2))^2 + (3 a + b - (-1))^2 + b^2 + (-a + b - 3)^2 + ( -2 a + b - 1 )^2 + (-3a + b - 2))^2 = 39 a^2 + 2 a b + 44 a + 6 b^2 - 6 b + 19

In order to find the regression line we will find the values of a and b that minimize this sum.

For the sake of convenient notation let

f(a, b) = 39 a^2 + 2 a b + 44 a + 6 b^2 - 6 b + 19.

f_a = 78 a + 2 b + 44

f_b = 12 b + 2 a - 6

Solving simultaneously we obtain approximate values a = -.58 and b = .60.

We conclude that the best-fit equation, with a and b accurate to 2 significant figures, is

y = -.58 x + .60.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

hmm.. didn't do it the same way, but I stand by my answer

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Self-critique rating:3

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Your answer might well be correct, but it comes from a formula used (but not understood) in much lower-level courses. It doesn't follow from the methods of the course.

Be sure you understand how this works. You get an expression in terms of a and b for the total deviation, then minimize it.

Overall x values decrease by 7 and y values increase by 4, so a slope in the neighborhood of -.58 makes more sense than a slope of -.185. If you sketch the graph, the trend clearly shows a slope much greater than -.185.

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Question: `q004. Consider these following functions, at each of which D = 0 at a critical point. Show whether each of the following is true or false:

f(x,y) = x^4 - y^4 has a saddle point at (0,0).

g(x,y) = x^2*y^2 has a relative minimum at (0,0).

h(x,y) = x^3 + y^3 has a relative maximum at (0,0).

f_xx is positive and f_yy is negative. The intersection of the graph of f(x, y) with the x-z plane is a curve with a relative min at (0, 0); the

intersection with the x-y plane has a relative max at the same point.

Consider the line parameterized by x = t cos(theta), y = t sin(theta). Along this line we have z = t^4 cos^2(theta) sin^2(theta).

For any value of theta except a multiple of 2 pi the function z vs. t has a relative minimum at t = 0.

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Your solution:

if d = 0, then the 2nd partial derivative test is inconclusive

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Self-critique rating:

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That's so. In this case you have to use other considerations to determine the nature of the critical point.

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For example you could consider the xz and yz traces of each graph, as well as its intersection of the graph with the plane y = x.

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Question: `q005. We can use the exponential and logarithm to help us to linearize data that does not tend to change linearly. The following problems will

demonstrate this.

Suppose we have y = kx^m. Show that by taking the natural logarithm of this equation we obtain a linear relationship Y = K + mX. Explain these new variables

and the constant K.

The data that follows relates the periods of revolution, t (in days), of the six inner planets and to their semimajor axes a (in 10^6 km). Kepler conjectured

that the relationship is t = ka^m for some k and m. Transform the data as in the first part and find k and m.

t-data : (87.97, 224.7, 365.26, 686.98, 4332.59, 10759.2)

a-data : (58, 108, 149, 228, 778, 1426).

log(y) = log( k x^m) = log(k) + m log(x), which is of the form Y = K + m X for Y = log(y), K = log(k) and X = log(x).

It follows that the graph of Y vs. X is a straight line.

Logs of the a data are

1.76342799356294

2.03342375548695

2.17318626841227

2.35793484700045

2.89097959698969

3.15411952551585

Logs of the b data are

1.94433459197078

2.35160307241913

2.56260211477846

2.83694409365915

3.63674759298951

4.0317799805774

Both are given above to way too many significant figures.

We can find the best-fit line for these data.

The slope of the best-fit line will be our power m.

Since K = log(k), k = 10^K.

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Your solution: I understand

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Self-critique rating:"

Self-critique (if necessary):

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Self-critique rating:

Self-critique (if necessary):

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#*&!

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Be sure to check my note on the regression line. This time, at least, I believe my solution stands. In any case the solution needs to be obtained by methods appropriate to the course.

Also if D = 0 you have to use other means to determine the nature of the critical point. Check my note.

Overall your work looks good.

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