Open Query 2

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course Mth 163

I feel my understanding in mathematics and reasoning has come very far in the last 4 months which I attribute mainly to the summer phy 121. After a week and a half of classes I feel incredibly more well prepared then most other students, and so much more so if I hadn't taken the course at all. I rave about this class format to other students but they all look at me like I'm crazy, and some time I ago I would have agreed with them. I despised math, feared it, and would have never dared go near an online course. While I may be more charming when it comes to smooth talking the ladies, I'm not at all that much smarter than any of those other students. I simply worked hard, studied the material, and I've never felt so confident in my math skills, I actually look forward to it. I really like the way these classes are set up. Come next summer when I'm staring down applied calculus 2 I may be singing a different tune, but I'll be there to take the plunge. Fall semester's off to a great start.

@&

I credit the hard work and persistent effort you put into the course. Your work habits should serve you very well in precalculus and beyond.

*@

This assignment consisted of the worksheets

• Overview and Introduction: The Modeling Process applied to Flow From a Cylinder and

• Completion of the Introductory Flow Model.

Students (often including some of the very best students, so there's no shame in it if this applies to you) frequently tell the instructor that they don't know where to find the data for some of these problems. This is usually because they have missed the instruction to do the second of these worksheets, which would include the exercises at the end of the worksheet.

If you find that you are among these students, go ahead and complete the parts of this 'query' that are based on the work you have completed, and submit that part. Then before completing and submitting the rest, simply go back and complete the second worksheet.

Within the worksheet entitled 'Overview and Introduction: The Modeling Process applied

to Flow From a Cylinder' are data for the temperature model and a series of instructions

for constructing and assessing your model.

At the end of the worksheet entitled 'Completion of the Introductory Flow Model' are two

data sets, which correspond to the other problems in the Query.

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Question: `qAssignment 2

For the temperature vs. clock time model, what were temperature and time for the first, third and fifth data points (express as temp vs clock time ordered pairs)?

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Your solution:

(0, 95)

(20, 60)

(40, 41)

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Given Solution:

** Continue to the next question **

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Question: `qAccording to your graph what would be the temperatures at clock times 7, 19 and 31?

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Your solution: I developed the quadratic function y= -0.008(t)^2 - 0.47(t) + 72.6 in relation to the points: (20, 60) (60, 30) (40, 41).

Y = -0.008(7)^2 - 0.47(7) + 72.6

Y = -0.392 - 3.29 + 72.6

Y = 68.9 degrees

Y = -0.008(19)^2 - 0.47(19) + 72.6

Y = -2.888 - 8.93 + 72.6

Y = 60.7 degrees

Y = -0.008(31)^2 - 0.47(31) + 72.6

Y = -7.688 - 14.57 + 72.6

Y = 50.3 degrees.

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Given Solution:

** Continue to the next question **

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Question: `qWhat three points did you use as a basis for your quadratic model (express as ordered pairs)?

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Your solution:

(20, 60) (60, 30) (40, 41).

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Given Solution:

** A good choice of points `spreads' the points out rather than using three adjacent points. For example choosing the t = 10, 20, 30 points would not be a good idea here since the resulting model will fit those points perfectly but by the time we get to t = 60 the fit will probably not be good. Using for example t = 10, 30 and 60 would spread the three points out more and the solution would be more likely to fit the data. The solution to this problem by a former student will be outlined in the remaining nswers'.

STUDENT SOLUTION (this student probably used a version different from the one you used; this solution is given here for comparison of the steps, you should not expect that the numbers given here will be the same as the numbers you obtained when you solved the problem.)

For my quadratic model, I used the three points

(10, 75)

(20, 60)

(60, 30). **

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Question: `qWhat is the first equation you got when you substituted into the form of a quadratic?

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Your solution:

(20, 60):

60 = a (20)^2 + b (20) + c

400a + 20b + c = 60

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The equation that I got from the first data point (10,75) was 100a + 10b +c = 75.**

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Question: `qWhat is the second equation you got when you substituted into the form of a quadratic?

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Your solution:

(40, 41):

41 = a (40)^2 + b (40) + c

1600a + 40b + c = 41

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The equation that I got from my second data point was 400a + 20b + c = 60 **

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Question: `qWhat is the third equation you got when you substituted into the form of a quadratic?

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Your solution:

(60, 30):

30 = a (60)^2 + b (60) + c

1800a + 60b + c = 30

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The equation that I got from my third data point was 3600a + 60b + c = 30. **

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Question: `qWhat multiple of which equation did you first add to what multiple of which other equation to eliminate c, and what is the first equation you got when you eliminated c?

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Your solution:

To eliminate c I took the first equation and solved for c, I then inserted this into the other two equations to get my two equations, then solved for them accordingly using substitution.

400a + 20b + c = 60

C = -400a -20b + 60

1600a + 40b + (-400a-20b+60) = 41

1200a + 20b + 60 = 41

1200a + 20b = -19

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: First, I subtracted the second equation from the third equation in order to eliminate c.

By doing this, I obtained my first new equation

3200a + 40b = -30. **

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Question: `qTo get the second equation what multiple of which equation did you add to what multiple of which other quation, and what is the resulting equation?

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Your solution: I also used the value for solved C in the first equation:

1800a + 60b + (-400a-20b+60) = 30

1400a + 40b + 60 = 30

1400a + 40b = -30

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: This time, I subtracted the first equation from the third equation in order to again eliminate c.

I obtained my second new equation:

3500a + 50b = -45**

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Question: `qWhich variable did you eliminate from these two equations, and what was the value of the variable for which you solved these equations?

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Your solution: I solved the first equation for A giving me:

A = (-20b - 19) / 1200

Which I inserted into the second equation to get:

1400 ((-20b-19) / 1200) + 40b = -30

1400 ((-b/60 - 19/1200) + 40b = -30

-23.3b - 22.1 + 40b = -30

16.7b = -7.9

B = -0.47

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: In order to solve for a and b, I decided to eliminate b because of its smaller value. In order to do this, I multiplied the first new equation by -5

-5 ( 3200a + 40b = -30)

and multiplied the second new equation by 4

4 ( 3500a + 50b = -45)

making the values of -200 b and 200 b cancel one another out. The resulting equation is -2000 a = -310. **

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Question: `qWhat equation did you get when you substituted this value into one of the 2-variable equations, and what did you get for the other variable?

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Your solution:

Substituting the value of B into our first equation we can find A:

1200a + 20(-0.47) = -19

1200a - 9.4 = -19

1200a = -9.6

A = -0.008

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: After eliminating b, I solved a to equal .015

a = .015

I then substituted this value into the equation

3200 (.015) + 40b = -30

and solved to find that b = -1.95. **

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Question: `qWhat is the value of c obtained from substituting into one of the original equations?

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Your solution:

Substituting A and B into one of our equations we can find C:

C = -400(-0.008) -20(-0.47) + 60

C = 3.2 +9.4 + 60

C = 72.6

Our 3 values are:

A = -0.008

B = -0.47

C = 72.6

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: By substituting both a and b into the original equations, I found that c = 93 **

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Question: `qWhat is the resulting quadratic model?

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Your solution:

Y = -0.008t^2 - 0.47t + 72.6

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: Therefore, the quadratic model that I obtained was

y = (.015) x^2 - (1.95)x + 93. **

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Question: `qWhat did your quadratic model give you for the first, second and third clock times on your table, and what were your deviations for these clock times?

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Your solution:

Time (minutes) Temperature (Celsius) Prediction of Model Deviation of Observed Temperature from Model

0 95 72.6 -22.4

10 75 67.1 -7.9

20 60 60 0

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: This model y = (.015) x^2 - (1.95)x + 93 evaluated for clock times 0, 10 and 20 gave me these numbers:

First prediction: 93

Deviation: 2

Then, since I used the next two ordered pairs to make the model, I got back

}the exact numbers with no deviation. So. the next two were

Fourth prediction: 48

Deviation: 1

Fifth prediction: 39

Deviation: 2. **

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Question: `qWhat was your average deviation?

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Your solution:

9.8

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: My average deviation was .6 **

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Question: `qIs there a pattern to your deviations?

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Your solution:

The deviations start larger until they reach the first of the 3 points I selected where the deviation is 0, they increase again by a little until the second chose point is reached which is zero, again deviations begin to rise until they reach the 3rd point at 0, and then they rise again.

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: There was no obvious pattern to my deviations.

INSTRUCTOR NOTE: Common patterns include deviations that start positive, go negative in the middle then end up positive again at the end, and deviations that do the opposite, going from negative to positive to negative. **

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Question: `qHave you studied the steps in the modeling process as presented in Overview, the Flow Model, Summaries of the Modeling Process, and do you completely understand the process?

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Your solution:

For a system we observe the system and take data. This data we plot onto a graph. From here we select three points and generate three equations. These three equations are solved to give us a quadratic model for our graph. This then allows us to make predictions based on other values we may not have implicitly obtained. That’s the short version but we remember the following:

A. Obtain and Represent Data

A1. Orient

A2. Observe

A3. Organize Data

A4. Graph

B. Obtain a Model

B1. Postulate

B2. Select Representative Points

B3. Obtain an equation for each selected point

B4. Solve the system of equations

B5. Substitute parameters

C. Validate and Use the Model

C1. Graph the model

C2. Quantify the comparison

C3. Pose and answer questions

C4. Do the science: relate the mathematics to the real world.

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: Yes, I do completely understand the process after studying these outlines and explanations. **

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Question: `qHave you memorized the steps of the modeling process, and are you going to remember them forever? Convince me.

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Your solution:

I understand the general concept but at this point cannot recite the entire outlined process from memory, I am studying my notes a little at a time and I expect my understanding to grow as we move through the course.

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: Yes, sir, I have memorized the steps of the modeling process at this point. I also printed out an outline of the steps in order to refresh my memory often, so that I will remember them forever!!!

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT: OK, I'm convinced. **

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Question: `qQuery Completion of Model first problem: Completion of model from your data.Give your data in the form of depth vs. clock time ordered pairs.

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Your solution:

(5.3, 63.7)

(10.6, 54.8)

(15.9, 46)

(21.2, 37.7)

(26.5, 32)

(31.8, 26.6)

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION: Here are my data which are from the simulated data provided on the website under randomized problems.

(5.3, 63.7)

(10.6. 54.8)

(15.9, 46)

(21.2, 37.7)

(26.5, 32)

(31.8, 26.6). **

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Question: `qWhat three points on your graph did you use as a basis for your model?

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Your solution:

(5.3, 63.7)

(15.9, 46)

(31.8, 26.6)

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: As the basis for my graph, I used

( 5.3, 63.7)

(15.9, 46)

(26.5, 32)**

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Question: `qGive the first of your three equations.

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Your solution:

(5.3, 63.7)

63.7 = a(5.3)^2 + b (5.3) + c

28.09a + 5.3b + c = 63.7

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The point (5.3, 63.7) gives me the equation 28.09a + 5.3b + c = 63.7 **

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Question: `qGive the second of your three equations.

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Your solution:

(15.9, 46)

46 = a (15.9)^2 + b(15.9) + c

252.81a + 15.9b + c = 46

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The point (15.9, 46) gives me the equation 252.81a +15.9b + c = 46 **

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Question: `qGive the third of your three equations.

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Your solution:

(31.8, 26.6)

26.6 = a(31.8)^2 + b (26.6) + c

1011.24a + 31.8b + c = 26.6

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The point (26.5,32) gives me the equation 702.25a + 26.5b + c = 32. **

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Question: `qGive the first of the equations you got when you eliminated c.

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Your solution:

1011.24a + 31.8b + c = 26.6

252.81a + 15.9b + c = 46

28.09a + 5.3b + c = 63.7

Subtracting the 3rd equation from the 1st we get:

983.15a + 26.5 = -37.1

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: Subtracting the second equation from the third gave me 449.44a + 10.6b = -14. **

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Question: `qGive the second of the equations you got when you eliminated c.

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Your solution:

1011.24a + 31.8b + c = 26.6

252.81a + 15.9b + c = 46

28.09a + 5.3b + c = 63.7

Subtracting the 3rd equation from the 2nd we get:

224.72a + 10.6b = -17.7

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: Subtracting the first equation from the third gave me 674.16a + 21.2b = -31.7. **

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Question: `qExplain how you solved for one of the variables.

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Your solution:

983.15a + 26.5b = -37.1

224.72a + 10.6b = -17.7

Solving for b in the second equation we get:

B = [-17.7 - 224.72a] / 10.6

983.15a + 26.5([-17.7 - 224.72a] / 10.6) = -37.1

983.15a - 44.25 - 561.8a = -37.1

421.35a = 7.15

A = 0.017

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: In order to solve for a, I eliminated b by multiplying the first equation by 21.2, which was the b value in the second equation. Then, I multiplied the seond equation by -10.6, which was the b value of the first equation, only I made it negative so they would cancel out. **

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Question: `qWhat values did you get for a and b?

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Your solution:

A = 0.017

224.72a + 10.6b = -17.7

224.72(0.017) + 10.6b = -17.7

3.81 + 10.6b = -17.7

10.6b = 21.51

B = 2

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: a = .0165, b = -2 **

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Question: `qWhat did you then get for c?

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Your solution:

1011.24a + 31.8b + c = 26.6

A = 0.017

B = 2

1011.24(0.017) + 31.8 (2) + c = 26.6

17.2 +63.6 + c = 26.6

C = -54.2

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: c = 73.4 **

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Question: `qWhat is your function model?

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Your solution: A = 0.017

B = 2

C = -54.2

Y = 0.017t^2 + 2t -54.2

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: y = (.0165)x^2 + (-2)x + 73.4. **

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Question: `qWhat is your depth prediction for the given clock time (give clock time also)?

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Your solution: t = 46

Y = 0.017(46)^2 + 2(46) -54.2

Y = 35.972 + 92 - 54.3

Y = 73. 772

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The given clock time was 46 seconds, and my depth prediction was 16.314 cm.**

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Question: `qWhat clock time corresponds to the given depth (give depth also)?

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Your solution:

14 = 0.017t^2 + 2t -54.2

0.017t^2 + 2t - 68.2 = 0

T = -b +- `sqrt [b^2 - 4ac] / 2a

T = -(2) +- `sqrt [2^2 - 4(0.017)(-68.2)] / 2(0.017)

T = -2 +- `sqrt [4+4.6376] / 0.034

T = -2 +- 2.939 / 0.034

T = 0.939 / 0.034

T = 27.6

OR

T = -4.9 / 0.034

T = -145

Common sense should tell us that a depth of 14 cm would occur at 27.6 seconds

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Given Solution:

** INSTRUCTOR COMMENT: The exercise should have specified a depth.

The specifics will depend on your model and the requested depth. For your model y = (.0165)x^2 + (-2)x + 73.4, if we wanted to find the clock time associated with depth 68 we would note that depth is y, so we would let y be 68 and solve the resulting equation:

68 = .01t^2 - 1.6t + 126

using the quadratic formula. There are two solutions, x = 55.5 and x = 104.5, approximately. **

STUDENT QUESTION

I have done what I could with the completion of flow model page 7 directions when I hit the sqrt

button on calculator so sqrt -.652 I would get (0,.807465169527) I do not remember ever doing a problem with 0,.8…. so I

hope I used the correct numbers to solve the rest of quad equation using quad formula

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE:

Short answer:

The square root of a negative isn't a real number, so there is no solution to the equation for your given depth. Your calculator indicated a complex-number solution.

Longer answer:

The square root of a negative number is an imaginary number; the result you got is a point in the complex-number plane, on the imaginary axis. You might not understand what that means, but the point is that there is no real-number solution. You can't square a real number and get a negative, so the square root of a negative isn't a real number.

What this means is that the equation has no real-number solution. There is no clock time t for which the depth takes the y value you used in the equation.

In terms of the graph, note that the graph of the quadratic function is a parabola, which opens upward. So there are y values that lie completely below the parabola. If you try to solve the quadratic for one of these y values, you won't get a solution.

This sort of thing can certainly happen with a mathematical model. When it does, the answer is simply that there is no such solution.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Question: `qCompletion of Model second problem: grade average Give your data in the form of grade vs. clock time ordered pairs.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution: For some reason the table does not copy over properly, but theres no link to generate a random set of data so I’m using the data directly from the assignment sheet.

(0, 1)

(10, 1.790569)

(20, 2.118034)

(30, 2.369306)

(40, 2.581139)

(50, 2.767767)

(60, 2.936492)

(70, 3.09165)

(80, 3.236068)

(90, 3.371708)

(100, 3.5). **

confidence rating #$&*:

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION: Grade vs. percent of assignments reviewed

(0, 1)

(10, 1.790569)

(20, 2.118034)

(30, 2.369306)

(40, 2.581139)

(50, 2.767767)

(60, 2.936492)

(70, 3.09165)

(80, 3.236068)

(90, 3.371708)

(100, 3.5). **

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Question: `qWhat three points on your graph did you use as a basis for your model?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

(10, 1.7)

(50, 2.7)

(100, 3.5)

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED:

(20, 2.118034)

(50, 2.767767)

(100, 3.5)**

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Question: `qGive the first of your three equations.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

(10, 1.7)

1.7 = a(10)^2 + b(10) + c

100a + 10b + c = 1.7

confidence rating #$&*:

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 400a + 20b + c = 2.118034**

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Question: `qGive the second of your three equations.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

(50, 2.7)

2.7 = a (50)^2 + b (50) + c

2500a + 50b + c = 2.7

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 2500a + 50b + c = 2.767767 **

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Question: `qGive the third of your three equations.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

(100, 3.5)

3.5 = a (100)^2 + b(100) + c

10,000a + 100b + c = 3.5

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 10,000a + 100b + c = 3.5 **

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Question: `qGive the first of the equations you got when you eliminated c.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

100a + 10b + c = 1.7

2500a + 50b + c = 2.7

10,000a + 100b + c = 3.5

2nd from 3rd we get:

7500a + 50b = 0.8

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 7500a + 50b = .732233. **

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Question: `qGive the second of the equations you got when you eliminated c.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

1st from 3rd we get:

9,900a + 40b = 1.8

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: Subracting the first equation from the third I go

9600a + 80b = 1.381966 **

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Question: `qExplain how you solved for one of the variables.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

9,900a + 40b = 1.8

7500a + 50b = 0.8

Solve 1st for b we get:

B = [1.8-9900a] / 40

Substitute into 2nd:

7500a + 50([1.8-9900a]/40) = 0.8

7500a + 2.25 - 12375a = 0.8

-4875a = -1.45

A = 2.9 * 10^-4

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: In order to solve for a, I eliminated the variable b. In order to do this, I multiplied the first new equation by 80 and the second new equation by -50. **

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Question: `qWhat values did you get for a and b?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

Substituting the value of a into the first equation:

9,900a + 40b = 1.8

9900(2.9*10^-4) + 40b = 1.8

2.871 + 40b = 1.8

40b = -1.071

B = -0.027

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED:

a = -.0000876638

b = .01727 **

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Question: `qWhat did you then get for c?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

A = 2.9 * 10^-4

B = -0.027

100a + 10b + c = 1.7

100(2.9*10^-4) + 10 (-0.027) + c = 1.7

-0.241 + c = 1.7

C = 1.941

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: c = 1.773. **

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Question: `qWhat is your function model?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

A = 2.9 * 10^-4

B = -0.027

C = 1.941

Y = [2.9*10^-4]t^2 - 0.027t + 1.941

confidence rating #$&*:

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

** y = -.0000876638 x^2 + (.01727)x + 1.773 **

STUDENT QUESTION

Hello! I am working on the Modeling Project #1 still and I am having such issues with the data sets for the rest of the

worksheet. I keep reading and I see that your doing grade average versus percentage of assignments, but I am confused on what

it is asking or what method I am supposed to be using. I got the first question, solving for a, b, and c and I am familiar

with the quadratic forumla, I am just missing something on how to start these next two problems.

Could you give me a boost to what to do?

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE

What that boils down to can be summarized by a table.

For example, consider the following

x y

2 20

5 50

12 130

From this table and the form y = a x^2 + b x + c you get the equations

20 = 4 a + 2 b + c

50 = 25 a + 5 b + c

130 = 144 a + 12 b + c

which you can solve by elimination, as you did with the first question.

Now you are given data for grade ave. vs. percent of review.

• You could make a table of y vs. x, with y the grade average and x the percent of review.

• You could replace the heading 'x' in the first column with the identifier 'percent of review' and the 'y' in the second column with 'grade ave', so your table would represent percent of review vs. grade average.

Your table would have several additional rows (one additional row for every 'data point').

• You are instructed to choose three data points, and to base your model on those three points.

• You could for example make a 'shortened table' with just the three points you choose, very similar to the table given above (but with different numbers).

• To get a quadratic model you would again use the form y = a x^2 + b x + c to get three equations, one for each point.

• Solving the equations for a, b and c and plugging those values back into the form y = a x^2 + b x + c gives you your model.

Let me know if this doesn't help.

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Question: `qWhat is your percent-of-review prediction for the given range of grades (give grade range also)?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

I’m not sure exactly what values I should be using here, but in the worksheet it wants to see how we use the quadratic formula for someone who studies 80 percent of notes. I solved for a gpa to get a percentage in the next equation.

Y = [2.9*10^-4](80)^2 - 0.027(80) + 1.941

y = 1.7

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** The precise solution depends on the model desired average.

For example if the model is y = -.00028 x^2 + .06 x + .5 (your model will probably be different from this) and the grade average desired is 3.3 we would find the percent of review x corresponding to grade average y = 3.3 then we have

3.3 = -.00028 x^2 + .06 x + .5.

This equation is easily solved using the quadratic formula, remembering to put the equation into the required form a x^2 + b x + c = 0.

We get two solutions, x = 69 and x = 146. Our solutions are therefore 69% grade review, which is realistically within the 0 - 100% range, and 146%, which we might reject as being outside the range of possibility.

To get a range you would solve two equations, on each for the percent of review for the lower and higher ends of the range.

In many models the attempt to solve for a 4.0 average results in an expression which includes the square root of a negative number; this indicates that there is no real solution and that a 4.0 is not possible. **

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Question: `qWhat grade average corresponds to the given percent of review (give grade average also)?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution: Grade average 4.0

Y = [2.9*10^-4]t^2 - 0.027t + 1.941

4.0 = [2.9*10^-4]t^2 - 0.027t + 1.941

[2.9*10^-4]t^2 - 0.027t - 2.059

Using the quadratic formula we get:

Plus answer of 142.8

Minus answer of -49

It wouldn’t make sense to study negative 49 percent of your notes, so we go with 142.8, quite a level of commitment for even the most apt pupil.

????I may have messed up the arithmetic somewhere, I haven’t been as careful with this second portion because I’m feeling more comfortable with the process which breeds some impatience, anyway, based on the average range of gpa’s for percentage of notes study, if 100 percent of notes studied only gave say a 3.2 average gpa, it could be reasonable numerically to say that 142 percent is needed for 4.0. The negative 49 of course seems very unreasonable, but this number, without the negative is closer to value in the solution, where you said its more in the range of possibility. This is probably an arithmetic error somewhere but I believe my function is proper close since we did get a very similar larger value, yours of 146 and mine of 142???

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** Here you plug in your percent of review for the variable. For example if your model is y = -.00028 x^2 + .06 x + .5 and the percent of review is 75, you plug in 75 for x and evaluate the result. The result gives you the grade average corresponding to the percent of review according to the model. **

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Question: `qHow well does your model fit the data (support your answer)?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

Solving for percentages based on a given gpa using the quadratic formula seems to give a fairly reasonable answer, but the gpa I got for using a percentage was way off what was on your data. I was not as meticulous with this portion as I was before.

confidence rating #$&*:

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

** You should have evaluated your function at each given percent of review-i.e., at 0, 10, 20, 30, . 100 to get the predicted grade average for each. Comparing your results with the given grade averages shows whether your model fits the data. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

I believe my model is off to the point that I’m better off to move onto the next section rather than construct a whole new model. I will be more careful with this next section.

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Question: `qillumination vs. distance

Give your data in the form of illumination vs. distance ordered pairs.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution: I used the students data in the solution since the data in the form didn’t copy over in a reasonable format.

Distance from the sun (AU) , Illumination of comet (W/m^2)

(1, 935.1395)

(2, 264..4411)

(3, 105.1209)

(4, 61.01488)

(5, 43.06238)

(6, 25.91537)

(7, 19.92772)

(8, 16.27232)

(9, 11.28082)

(10, 9.484465)**

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION: (1, 935.1395)

(2, 264..4411)

(3, 105.1209)

(4, 61.01488)

(5, 43.06238)

(6, 25.91537)

(7, 19.92772)

(8, 16.27232)

(9, 11.28082)

(10, 9.484465)**

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Question: `qWhat three points on your graph did you use as a basis for your model?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

(1, 935)

(5, 43)

(10, 10)

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED:

(2, 264.4411)

(4, 61.01488)

(8, 16.27232) **

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Question: `qGive the first of your three equations.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

935 = a(1)^2 + b(1) + c

A + B + C = 935

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 4a + 2b + c = 264.4411**

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Question: `qGive the second of your three equations.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

43 = a(5)^2 + b(5) + c

25a+5b +c = 43

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 16a + 4b + c = 61.01488**

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Question: `qGive the third of your three equations.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

10 = a(10)^2 + b(10) + c

100a + 10b + c = 10

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 64a + 8b + c = 16.27232**

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Question: `qGive the first of the equations you got when you eliminated c.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

100a + 10b + c = 10

25a+5b +c = 43

A + B + C = 935

3rd from 1st:

99a + 9b = -925

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 48a + 4b = -44.74256**

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Question: `qGive the second of the equations you got when you eliminated c.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

100a + 10b + c = 10

25a+5b +c = 43

A + B + C = 935

3rd from 1st:

99a + 9b = -925

3rd from 2nd:

24a + 4b = -892

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: 60a + 6b = -248.16878**

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Question: `qExplain how you solved for one of the variables.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

99a + 9b = -925

24a + 4b = -892

Solving the 2nd equation for B:

B = [-892-24a] / 4

Substitute into 1st

99a + 9([-892-24a] / 4) = -925

????As a note here I’m dividing 9 by 4 and multiplying the decimal I get by everything in parenthesis using distributive property. This has given me accurate results so I know it works, but back in high school turning fractions into decimals was forbidden, but ironically, they still taught FOIL, which as I recall you disapprove of. This is the easiest way for me to do it, the comp. program I’ve been using to validate my answers “removes a factor of ‘insert ridiculous radical here’” and seems very unnecessary to do it this way, but it too also uses FOIL. This is foundational math for a lot of things so I’m curious to hear your opinion on this????

99a - 2007 - 54a = -925

45a - 2007 = -925

45a = 1082

A = 24

24(24) + 4b = -892

577 + 4b = -892

4b = -1469

B = -367

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: I solved for a by eliminating the variable b. I multiplied the first new equation by 4 and the second new equation by -6 **

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@&

FOIL is just a shortcut for the distributive law in the case of binomials; the reason I don't like it is that students are taught FOIL before being taught the distributive law, and end up being unable to use the latter. I will say that there are authors I admire and respect who teach FOIL, but I suspect that's mainly because teachers expect it.

In the case of these problems it's usually OK to change fractions to decimals, as long as you're careful to include enough significant figures. In these problems our data is already assumed to contain significant uncertainties, and a little uncertainty resulting from decimal approximation won't usually hurt anything.

*@

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Question: `qWhat values did you get for a and b?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

A = 24

B = -367

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: a = 15.088, b = -192.24 **

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Question: `qWhat did you then get for c?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

A = 24

B = -367

A + B + C = 935

24 - 367 + c = 935

-343 + c = 935

C = 1278

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: c = 588.5691**

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Question: `qWhat is your function model?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

A = 24

B = -367

C = 1278

Y = 24t^2 - 367b + 1278

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: y = (15.088) x^2 - (192.24)x + 588.5691 **

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Question: `qWhat is your illumination prediction for the given distance (give distance also)?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

1.6 earth distances

Y = 24t^2 - 367b + 1278

Y = 24(1.6)^2 - 367(1.6) + 1278

Y = 752.24

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT SOLUTION CONTINUED: The given distance was 1.6 Earth distances from the sun. My illumination prediction was 319.61 w/m^2, obtained by evaluating my function model for x = 1.6. **

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Question: `qWhat distances correspond to the given illumination range (give illumination range also)?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

Average comfortable reading temperature is (25+100) / 2 = 62.5 watts/m^2

62.5 = 24t^2 - 367b + 1278

I worked the math out and got:

10.4, 4.8

It would much more likely be the 4.8 however, ????the math program I use to verify answers said that the solution was a “combination of both final answers” this doesn’t makes sense but granted the program doesn’t understand the context of the question, still, I am curious to know if we will ever encounter a time when our answer using the quadratic formula will be a combination of both solutions, rather than one or the other???

@&

As an example, consider throwing a ball 50 feet into the air. Its height after `dt seconds is `ds = v0 `dt + 1/2 a `dt^2. This equation is quadratic in `dt. If you substitute `ds = 20 feet and solve it `dt, you'll get two solutions. One corresponds to when the ball reaches 20 feet on the way up, the other to when it returns to 20 feet on the way back down.

*@

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** The precise solution depends on the model and the range of averages.

For example if the model is y =9.4 r^2 - 139 r + 500 and the illumination range is 25 to 100 we would find the distance r corresponding to illumination y = 25, then the distance r corresponding to illumination y = 100, by solving the equations

25=9.4 r^2 - 139 r + 500

and

100 =9.4 r^2 - 139 r + 500

Both of these equations are easily solved using the quadratic formula, remembering to put both into the required form a r^2 + b r + c = 0. Both give two solutions, only one solution of each having and correspondence at all with the data.

The solutions which correspond to the data are

r = 3.9 when y = 100 and r = 5.4 when y = 25.

So when the distance x has range 3.9 - 5.4 the illumination range is 25 to 100.

Note that a quadratic model does not fit this data well. Sometimes data is quadratic in nature, sometimes it is not. We will see as the course goes on how some situations are accurately modeled by quadratic functions, while others are more accurately modeled by exponential or power functions. **

????the answer of 4.8 seemed right in the range of our data. A distance of 4au corresponded to 61W/m^2, so it would make sense that 65 would correspond to 4.8. This is an interesting query to run into, my quadratic model appears to fit the data very well, but you say this isn’t so. I didn’t check for all the points, but at least for this one point the model fit very well, perhaps too well. Does this mean my model was wrong, I am confident it was pretty close???

@&

The quadratic model happened to work pretty well for the given question, but any quadratic model will result in a fairly large average deviation for this data set. The curve dictated by the data is simply not quadratic in nature.

*@

????I noticed also here that we have not been incorporating units into our answers, it would be more tedious but I would begin doing so now if this will be presented further into the course. Should I wait for that point to come or proceed with calculating units into quadratic functions and equations if I feel comfortable doing so????

"

@&

It's a good idea to use units, since they are instrumental in interpreting the meaning of your results. However sometimes you just don't have time to work through the units, and unless specifically requested they aren't absolutely necessary.

*@

*********************************************

Question: `qWhat distances correspond to the given illumination range (give illumination range also)?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

Average comfortable reading temperature is (25+100) / 2 = 62.5 watts/m^2

62.5 = 24t^2 - 367b + 1278

I worked the math out and got:

10.4, 4.8

It would much more likely be the 4.8 however, ????the math program I use to verify answers said that the solution was a “combination of both final answers” this doesn’t makes sense but granted the program doesn’t understand the context of the question, still, I am curious to know if we will ever encounter a time when our answer using the quadratic formula will be a combination of both solutions, rather than one or the other???

@&

As an example, consider throwing a ball 50 feet into the air. Its height after `dt seconds is `ds = v0 `dt + 1/2 a `dt^2. This equation is quadratic in `dt. If you substitute `ds = 20 feet and solve it `dt, you'll get two solutions. One corresponds to when the ball reaches 20 feet on the way up, the other to when it returns to 20 feet on the way back down.

*@

confidence rating #$&*:

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.............................................

Given Solution:

** The precise solution depends on the model and the range of averages.

For example if the model is y =9.4 r^2 - 139 r + 500 and the illumination range is 25 to 100 we would find the distance r corresponding to illumination y = 25, then the distance r corresponding to illumination y = 100, by solving the equations

25=9.4 r^2 - 139 r + 500

and

100 =9.4 r^2 - 139 r + 500

Both of these equations are easily solved using the quadratic formula, remembering to put both into the required form a r^2 + b r + c = 0. Both give two solutions, only one solution of each having and correspondence at all with the data.

The solutions which correspond to the data are

r = 3.9 when y = 100 and r = 5.4 when y = 25.

So when the distance x has range 3.9 - 5.4 the illumination range is 25 to 100.

Note that a quadratic model does not fit this data well. Sometimes data is quadratic in nature, sometimes it is not. We will see as the course goes on how some situations are accurately modeled by quadratic functions, while others are more accurately modeled by exponential or power functions. **

????the answer of 4.8 seemed right in the range of our data. A distance of 4au corresponded to 61W/m^2, so it would make sense that 65 would correspond to 4.8. This is an interesting query to run into, my quadratic model appears to fit the data very well, but you say this isn’t so. I didn’t check for all the points, but at least for this one point the model fit very well, perhaps too well. Does this mean my model was wrong, I am confident it was pretty close???

@&

The quadratic model happened to work pretty well for the given question, but any quadratic model will result in a fairly large average deviation for this data set. The curve dictated by the data is simply not quadratic in nature.

*@

????I noticed also here that we have not been incorporating units into our answers, it would be more tedious but I would begin doing so now if this will be presented further into the course. Should I wait for that point to come or proceed with calculating units into quadratic functions and equations if I feel comfortable doing so????

"

@&

It's a good idea to use units, since they are instrumental in interpreting the meaning of your results. However sometimes you just don't have time to work through the units, and unless specifically requested they aren't absolutely necessary.

*@

#*&!

*********************************************

Question: `qWhat distances correspond to the given illumination range (give illumination range also)?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

Average comfortable reading temperature is (25+100) / 2 = 62.5 watts/m^2

62.5 = 24t^2 - 367b + 1278

I worked the math out and got:

10.4, 4.8

It would much more likely be the 4.8 however, ????the math program I use to verify answers said that the solution was a “combination of both final answers” this doesn’t makes sense but granted the program doesn’t understand the context of the question, still, I am curious to know if we will ever encounter a time when our answer using the quadratic formula will be a combination of both solutions, rather than one or the other???

@&

As an example, consider throwing a ball 50 feet into the air. Its height after `dt seconds is `ds = v0 `dt + 1/2 a `dt^2. This equation is quadratic in `dt. If you substitute `ds = 20 feet and solve it `dt, you'll get two solutions. One corresponds to when the ball reaches 20 feet on the way up, the other to when it returns to 20 feet on the way back down.

*@

confidence rating #$&*:

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.............................................

Given Solution:

** The precise solution depends on the model and the range of averages.

For example if the model is y =9.4 r^2 - 139 r + 500 and the illumination range is 25 to 100 we would find the distance r corresponding to illumination y = 25, then the distance r corresponding to illumination y = 100, by solving the equations

25=9.4 r^2 - 139 r + 500

and

100 =9.4 r^2 - 139 r + 500

Both of these equations are easily solved using the quadratic formula, remembering to put both into the required form a r^2 + b r + c = 0. Both give two solutions, only one solution of each having and correspondence at all with the data.

The solutions which correspond to the data are

r = 3.9 when y = 100 and r = 5.4 when y = 25.

So when the distance x has range 3.9 - 5.4 the illumination range is 25 to 100.

Note that a quadratic model does not fit this data well. Sometimes data is quadratic in nature, sometimes it is not. We will see as the course goes on how some situations are accurately modeled by quadratic functions, while others are more accurately modeled by exponential or power functions. **

????the answer of 4.8 seemed right in the range of our data. A distance of 4au corresponded to 61W/m^2, so it would make sense that 65 would correspond to 4.8. This is an interesting query to run into, my quadratic model appears to fit the data very well, but you say this isn’t so. I didn’t check for all the points, but at least for this one point the model fit very well, perhaps too well. Does this mean my model was wrong, I am confident it was pretty close???

@&

The quadratic model happened to work pretty well for the given question, but any quadratic model will result in a fairly large average deviation for this data set. The curve dictated by the data is simply not quadratic in nature.

*@

????I noticed also here that we have not been incorporating units into our answers, it would be more tedious but I would begin doing so now if this will be presented further into the course. Should I wait for that point to come or proceed with calculating units into quadratic functions and equations if I feel comfortable doing so????

"

@&

It's a good idea to use units, since they are instrumental in interpreting the meaning of your results. However sometimes you just don't have time to work through the units, and unless specifically requested they aren't absolutely necessary.

*@

#*&!#*&!

@&

Good work, and good questions. See my responses.

*@