assignment 2

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course MTH 174

1/29 8:18 pm

If your solution to stated problem does not match the given solution, you should self-critique per instructions at

http://vhcc2.vhcc.edu/dsmith/geninfo/labrynth_created_fall_05/levl1_22/levl2_81/file3_259.htm

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Your solution, attempt at solution. If you are unable to attempt a solution, give a phrase-by-phrase interpretation of the problem along with a statement of what you do or do not understand about it. This response should be given, based on the work you did in completing the assignment, before you look at the given solution.

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Question: Problem 4 section 6.3.

6.3.8 (previously 6.3 #14, ds / dt = -32 t + 100, s = 50 when t = 0). Find the function s(t).

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Your solution:

-16t^2+100t + C

set the function f(t)=50 when t = 0 to find the function s(t)

s(0)=-16(0)^2 + 100(0) + C = 50

solving for c = 50

s(t)= -16t^2 + 100t + 50

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

s' = 100 - 32t.

Integrating with respect to t we obtain

s= 100t - 16t^2 + C.

Since s = 50 when t = 0 we have

50 = 100(0) - 16(0)^2 + C,

which we easily solve to obtain

50 =C.

this into the expression for s(t) we have

s(t) = 100(t) - 16t^2 + 50

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Self-critique Rating:

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Question: Problem 6 section 6.3

problem 6.3.17 was 6.3.6 (previously 6.3 #16) water balloon from 30 ft, v(t) = -32t+40

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Your solution:

take the antiderivative of the velocity function to find the position function

-16t^2 + 40t + c at time t=0 the position would be 30 feet above the ground so the equation is set to equal 30 at time t=0 solving for c to obtain

p(t)= -16t^2 + 40t + 30

the average velocity of the ballon between t= 1.5 and t=3

v(1.5)= -8

v(3)= -56

-8 + -56 = -64/2= -32'/sec

The ballon will hit the guy in the head when the ballon has fallen 24 feet initial position 30-6=24

24= -16t^2 +40t + 30 solving for t we have (sqrt(31) + 5)/4=2.64194 seconds

V(2.64194)= -32(2.64194) + 40 = -44.54 feet per second

The problem in my book had a guy standing 6' tall at what time will it hit him in the head, the time it takes to hit the ground will be setting the position function=0 then solving for t

this will be 3.10405 seconds, when placed back into the velocity function the speed when the ballon hits the ground will be -59.3296 feet/sec

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

Since v(t) = s ' (t), it follows that the antiderivative of the v(t) function is the s(t) function so we haves

s(t) = -16 t^2 + 40 t + c.

Since the building is 30 ft high we know that s(0) = 30.

Following the same method used in the preceding problem we get

s(t) = - 16 t^2 + 40 t + 30.

The water balloon strikes the ground when s(t) = 0. This occurs when

-16 t^2 + 40 t + 30 = 0. Dividing by 2 we have

-8 t^2 + 20 t + 15 = 0. The quadratic formula gives us

t = [ -20 +- `sqrt( 400 + 480) ] / ( 2 * -8) or

t = 1.25 +- sqrt(880) / 16 or

t = 1.25 +- 29.7 / 16, approx. or

t = 1.25 +- 1.87 or

t = 3.12 or -.62.

The solution t = 3.12 gives us v(t) = v(3.12) = -32 * 3.12 + 40 = -60, approx.

The interpretation of this result is that when it strikes the ground the balloon is moving downward at 60 feet / second.**

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Self-critique Rating:

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Question: How fast is the water balloon moving when it strikes the person's head?

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Your solution: I answered this in the above question

V(2.64194)= -32(2.64194) + 40 = -44.54 feet per second

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

** You have to determine the clock time t when the balloon's altitude is 6 feet. You have the s(t) function. So at what time is the altitude 6 ft?

To answer the question we solve the equation

s(t) = 6, i.e.

-16t^2+40t+30=6. This is a quadratic equation. We rearrange to get

-16t^2+40t+24=0; dividing by -16 we have

t^2-5/2t-3/2=0.

We can solve using the quadratic formula or by factorization, obtaining

t=3 or -.5

When t=3, we have

v(3)=-32*3+40=-56.

Thus the velocity at the 6 ft height is 56 ft/sec downward.

**

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12:13:49

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Self-critique (if necessary): I see my mistake I set the position and time to when the ballon only fell a total of 6 feet from its inital starting point

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Self-critique Rating:

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Question: What is the average velocity of the balloon between the two given clock times?

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Your solution:

the average velocity of the ballon between t= 1.5 and t=3

v(1.5)= -8

v(3)= -56

-8 + -56 = -64/2= -32'/sec

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

Average Velocity=-32 m/s

average velocity =

change in position / change in clock time =

(s(3) – s(1.5) ) / (3 sec – 1.5 sec) =

(6 ft – 54 ft) / (1.5 sec) =

-32 ft / sec.

Alternatively since the velocity function is linear, the average velocity is the average of the velocities at the two given clock times:

vAve = (v(1.5) + v(3) ) / 2 = (-56 ft / sec + (-8 ft / sec) ) / 2 = -32 ft / sec.

This method of averaging only works because the velocity function is linear.

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12:15:31

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Question: What function describes the position of the balloon as a function of time? How can this function be used to answer the various questions posed in this problem?

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Your solution:

The antiderivative of the velocity function. You can use this function to determine where the ballon is relative to the time when dropped if time = 0 or inversely you can find time when given a position

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

** On this problem you are given s(0) = 30. So we have

30 = -16 * 0^2 + 40 * 0 + c or

30 = c.

Thus c = 30 and the solution satisfying the initial condition is

s(t) =- 16 t^2 + 40 t + 30.

To find the clock time when the object strikes the ground, note that at the instant of striking the ground s(t) = 0. So we solve

- 16 t^2 + 40 t + 30 = 0,

obtaining solutions t = -.60 sec and t = 3.10 sec.

The latter solution corresponds to our ‘real-world’ solution, in which the object strikes the ground after being released. The first solution, in which t is negative, corresponds to a projectile which ‘peaks’ at height 30 ft at clock time t = 0, and which was at ground level .60 seconds before reaching this peak.

To find when the height is 6 ft, we solve

- 16 t^2 + 40 t + 30 = 6,

obtaining t = -.5 sec and t = 3.0 sec. We accept the t = 3.0 sec solution.

At t = 3.0 sec and t = 3.10 sec the velocities are respectively

v(3.104) = -32 * 3.10 + 40 = -59.2 and

v(3.0) = -32 * 3 + 40 = -56,

indicating velocities of -59.2 ft/s and -56 ft/s at ground level and at the 6 ft height, respectively.

From the fact that it takes .104 sec to travel the last 6 ft we conclude that the average velocity during this interval is

-6 ft / (.104 sec) = -57.7 ft / sec.

This is how we find average velocity. That is, ave velocity is displacement / time interval, vAve = `ds / `dt.

Since velocity is a linear function of clock time, a graph of v vs. t will be linear and the average value of v over an interval will therefore occur at the midpoint clock time, and will be equal to the average of the initial and final velocities over that interval.

In this case the average of the initial and final velocities over the interval during which altitude decreased from 6 ft to 0 is

vAve = (vf + v0) / 2 = (-59.2 + (-56) ) / 2 ft / sec = -57.6 ft / sec.

This agrees with the -57.7 ft / sec average velocity, which was calculated on the basis of the .104 sec interval, which was rounded in the third significant figure. Had the quadratic equation been solved exactly and the exact value ( sqrt(55) + 5 – 3) / 2 of the time interval been used, and the exact corresponding initial and final velocities, the agreement would have been exact.

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12:16:06

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Question: Problem 3 Section 6.4

6.4.3 (previously 6.4 #12) derivative of (int(ln(t)), t, x, 1).

What is the derivative of this function?

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Your solution:

the derivative is just the function by the second fundamental therom of calculus it is ln(t) evaluated at x and 1

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

** In the following we'll use the format [int(f(t), t, c, x] to stand for 'the integral of f(t) with respect to t with lower limit c and upper limit x'.

The 2d Fundamental Theorem says that d/dx [ int(f(t)), t, c, x ] = f(x). When applying this Theorem you don't find an antiderivative.

The integral we are given has limits x (lower) and 1 (upper), and is therefore equal to -int(ln(t), t, 1, x). This expression is in the form of the Fundamental Theorem, with c = 1, and its derivative with respect to x is therefore - ln(x).

Note that this Theorem is simply saying that the derivative of an antiderivative is equal to the original function, just like the derivative of an antiderivative of a rate-of-depth-change function is the same rate function we start with. **

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12:23:36

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Question: Why do we use something besides x for the integrand?

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Your solution:

because the derivative is being taken with respect to the upper limit of the intergral

confidence rating #$&*: 2

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Given Solution:

** In the statement of the Theorem the derivative is taken with respect to the variable upper limit of the interval of integration, which is different from the variable of integration.

The upper limit and the variable of integration are two different variables, and hence require two different names. **

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12:24:24

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Question: Problem 4 Section 6.4.

6.4.4 (previously Section 6.4 #18) derivative of (int(e^-(t^2),t, 0,x^3)

What is the desired derivative?

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Your solution:

confidence rating #$&*: 0

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Given Solution:

** If we were finding (int(e^-(t^2),t, 0,x) the answer would just be e^-(x^2) by the Second Fundamental Theorem.

However the upper limit on the integral is x^3.

This makes the expression int(e^(-t^2),t,0,x^3) a composite of f(z) = (int(e^-(t^2),t, 0,z) and g(x) = x^3.

Be sure you understand how the composite f(g(x)) = f(x^3) would be the original expression int(e^(-t^2),t,0,x^3).

Now we apply the chain rule:

g'(x) = 3x^2, and by the Second Fundamental Theorem f'(z) = e^-(z^2). Thus the derivative is

g'(x) f'(g(x))= 3x^2 * e^-( (x^3)^2 ).

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Self-critique (if necessary):

Im going to look back over this again

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Question: Find the derivative with respect to x of the integral of e^(t^2) between the limits cos(x) and 3.

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Your solution:

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

If we were finding (int(e^(t^2),t, x, 3) the answer would just be -e^(x^2) by the Second

Fundamental Theorem (along with the reversal of integration limits and therefore sign).

However the lower limit on the integral is cos(x). This makes the expression

int(e^(t^2),t,cos(x), 3) a composite of f(z) = (int(e^(t^2),t, z, 3) and g(x) = cos(x).

Be sure you see that the composite f(g(x)) = f(cos(x)) would be the original expression

int(e^(t^2),t,cos(x),3).

g'(x) = -sin(x), and by the Second Fundamental Theorem f'(z) = -e^(z^2) (again the

negative is because of the reversal of integration limits).

The derivative is therefore

g'(x) f'(g(x))= -sin(x) * (-e^( (cos(x))^2 ) = sin(x) e^(cos^2(x)).

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Question: Section 6.3 Problem 5

6.3.11 was 6.3.5 (was 6.3 #10) dy/dx = 2x+1

What is the general solution to this differential equation?

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11:18:57

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Your solution:

x^2 + x + c

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

student answer: x^2 / 2+x

Instructor response: ** Good. This is an antiderivative of the given function.

So is x^2 + x + c for any constant number c, because the derivative of a constant is zero.

The general solution is therefore the function y(x) = x^2 + x + c . **

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11:18:58

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Question: What is the solution satisfying the given initial condition (part c)?

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Your solution:

You set your intital condition whatever it might be equal to this form and solve for C

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

** If for example you are given the initial condition y(0) = 12, then since you know that y(x) = x^2 / 2 + x + c, you have y(0) = 0^2 / 2 + 0 + c = 12.

Thus c = 12 and your particular solution is y(x) = x^2 + x + 12. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Question: What three solutions did you graph, and what does your graph of the

three solutions look like?

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Your solution:

The graphs all looked the same except they were moved up or down along the y axis representing an intital starting position of the constant C

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Given Solution:

** To graph the three solutions you could choose three different values of c.

The graph of x^2 + x is a parabola; you can find its zeros and its vertex using the quadratic formula.

The graph of x^2+ x + c just lies c units higher at every point than the graph of x^2 + x.

So you get a 'stack' of parabolas.

Be sure you work through the details and see the graphs. **

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11:20:51

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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@& Good, but let me know if you have questions, especially on the questions related to the chain rule as applied with the second fundamental theorem.*@