#$&*
course Mth 173
1/16 1:39 a.m.
Question `q001. There are 12 questions in this document.
The graph of a certain function is a smooth curve passing through the points (3, 5), (7, 17) and (10, 29).
Why do we say 'on the average'
Your solution
Between which two points do you think the graph is steeper, on the average
rise over run 5 to 17 is 12, 3 to 7 is 4, 12/4, slope is 3.
17 to 29 is 12, 7 to 10 is 3, 12/3, slope is 4.
between the last two points it is steeper on average. and thats because there are many points that lie between those, and we took a greater range.
Confidence Assessment 2
Given Solution
`aSlope = rise run.
Between points (7, 17) and (10, 29) we get rise run = (29 - 17) (10 - 7) =12 3 = 4.
The slope between points (3, 5) and (7, 17) is 3 1. (17 - 5) (7 -3) = 12 4 = 3.
The segment with slope 4 is the steeper. The graph being a smooth curve, slopes may vary from point to point. The slope obtained over the interval is a specific type of average of the slopes of all points between the endpoints.
2. Answer without using a calculator As x takes the values 2.1, 2.01, 2.001 and 2.0001, what values are taken by the expression 1 (x - 2)
1. As the process continues, with x getting closer and closer to 2, what happens to the values of 1 / (x-2)
2. Will the value ever exceed a billion Will it ever exceed one trillion billions
3. Will it ever exceed the number of particles in the known universe
4. Is there any number it will never exceed
5. What does the graph of y = 1/(x-2) look like in the vicinity of x = 2
Your solution
1 * (x-2)
x y
2.1 0.1
2.01 0.01
2.001 0.001
2.0001 0.0001
1.) they have gotten closer and closer to 0.
2.) the graph is infinite, but is going in the opposite direction so no. it is heading towards 0
3.)????is this a silly question. it goes infinitely, so if the number of particles are finite, yes, otherwise no.
4.) it goes past any finite number.
5.) there will be nothing there, it is a gap, you cannot divide by zero.
Confidence Assessment 3
Given Solution
`aFor x = 2.1, 2.01, 2.001, 2.0001 we see that x -2 = .1, .01, .001, .0001. Thus 1(x -2) takes respective values 10, 100, 1000, 10,000.
It is important to note that x is changing by smaller and smaller increments as it approaches 2, while the value of the function is changing by greater and greater amounts.
As x gets closer in closer to 2, it will reach the values 2.00001, 2.0000001, etc.. Since we can put as many zeros as we want in .000...001 the reciprocal 100...000 can be as large as we desire. Given any number, we can exceed it.
Note that the function is simply not defined for x = 2. We cannot divide 1 by 0 (try counting to 1 by 0's..You never get anywhere. It can't be done. You can count to 1 by .1's--.1, .2, .3, ..., .9, 1. You get 10. You can do similar thing for .01, .001, etc., but you just can't do it for 0).
As x approaches 2 the graph approaches the vertical line x = 2; the graph itself is never vertical. That is, the graph will have a vertical asymptote at the line x = 2. As x approaches 2, therefore, 1 (x-2) will exceed all bounds.
Note that if x approaches 2 through the values 1.9, 1.99, ..., the function gives us -10, -100, etc.. So we can see that on one side of x = 2 the graph will approach +infinity, on the other it will be negative and approach -infinity.
Self-critique (if necessary) OK
Self-critique Rating OK
Question `q003. One straight line segment connects the points (3,5) and (7,9) while another connects the points (10,2) and (50,4). From each of the four points a line segment is drawn directly down to the x axis, forming two trapezoids. Which trapezoid has the greater area Try to justify your answer with something more precise than, for example, 'from a sketch I can see that this one is much bigger so it must have the greater area'.
Your solution
the first is a little over double the second in altitude, but the second, is GREATLY wider, so the second should be considered the larger area.
Confidence Assessment 3
Given Solution
`aYour sketch should show that while the first trapezoid averages a little more than double the altitude of the second, the second is clearly much more than twice as wide and hence has the greater area.
To justify this a little more precisely, the first trapezoid, which runs from x = 3 to x = 7, is 4 units wide while the second runs from x = 10 and to x = 50 and hence has a width of 40 units. The altitudes of the first trapezoid are 5 and 9,so the average altitude of the first is 7. The average altitude of the second is the average of the altitudes 2 and 4, or 3. So the first trapezoid is over twice as high, on the average, as the first. However the second is 10 times as wide, so the second trapezoid must have the greater area.
This is all the reasoning we need to answer the question. We could of course multiply average altitude by width for each trapezoid, obtaining area 7 4 = 28 for the first and 3 40 = 120 for the second. However if all we need to know is which trapezoid has a greater area, we need not bother with this step.
Self-critique (if necessary) OK
Self-critique Rating OK
Question `q004. If f(x) = x^2 (meaning 'x raised to the power 2') then which is steeper, the line segment connecting the x = 2 and x = 5 points on the graph of f(x), or the line segment connecting the x = -1 and x = 7 points on the same graph Explain the basis of your reasoning.
Your solution
(2,4) and (5,25) are the points for first line segment, slope being 21/3, 7
(-1,1) and (7,49) are the points for the second line segment, slope being 48/8, 6.
The slope is steeper for the first from this.
Confidence Assessment 3
Given Solution
`aThe line segment connecting x = 2 and the x = 5 points is steeper Since f(x) = x^2, x = 2 gives y = 4 and x = 5 gives y = 25. The slope between the points is rise run = (25 - 4) (5 - 2) = 21 3 = 7.
The line segment connecting the x = -1 point (-1,1) and the x = 7 point (7,49) has a slope of (49 - 1) (7 - -1) = 48 8 = 6.
The slope of the first segment is greater.
Self-critique (if necessary) OK
Self-critique Rating OK
Question `q005. Suppose that every week of the current millennium you go to the jeweler and obtain a certain number of grams of pure gold, which you then place in an old sock and bury in your backyard. Assume that buried gold lasts a long, long time ( this is so), that the the gold remains undisturbed (maybe, maybe not so), that no other source adds gold to your backyard (probably so), and that there was no gold in your yard before..
1. If you construct a graph of y = the number of grams of gold in your backyard vs. t = the number of weeks since Jan. 1, 2000, with the y axis pointing up and the t axis pointing to the right, will the points on your graph lie on a level straight line, a rising straight line, a falling straight line, a line which rises faster and faster, a line which rises but more and more slowly, a line which falls faster and faster, or a line which falls but more and more slowly
2. Answer the same question assuming that every week you bury 1 more gram than you did the previous week.
3. Answer the same question assuming that every week you bury half the amount you did the previous week.
Your solution
1.) you add the exact same, thats the sime as a steady rise/run, so its a rising straight line.
2.) that would be exponiential, a line which rises faster and faster
@&
This would actually be a power function, not an exponential. It would rise faster and faster, in a manner similar to y = x^2.
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3.) logarithmic. would be a line that rises but rises slower and slower.
@&
This graph will actually be exponential, in the sense that it exponentially increases toward a horizontal asymptote.
A logarithmic graph will look somewhat similar, but in fact will not approach an asymptote but will continue to increase beyond all bounds. However, I mention that mostly for future reference. For the purposes of this question, your description is good.
*@
Confidence Assessment 3
Given Solution
`a1. If it's the same amount each week it would be a straight line.
2. Buying gold every week, the amount of gold will always increase. Since you buy more each week the rate of increase will keep increasing. So the graph will increase, and at an increasing rate.
3. Buying gold every week, the amount of gold won't ever decrease. Since you buy less each week the rate of increase will just keep falling. So the graph will increase, but at a decreasing rate. This graph will in fact approach a horizontal asymptote, since we have a geometric progression which implies an exponential function.
????not sure if this is a logarithmic type, based on your explanation.
Self-critique (if necessary) OK.
Self-critique Rating OK
Question `q006. Suppose that every week you go to the jeweler and obtain a certain number of grams of pure gold, which you then place in an old sock and bury in your backyard. Assume that buried gold lasts a long, long time, that the the gold remains undisturbed, and that no other source adds gold to your backyard.
1. If you graph the rate at which gold is accumulating from week to week vs. the number of weeks since Jan 1, 2000, will the points on your graph lie on a level straight line, a rising straight line, a falling straight line, a line which rises faster and faster, a line which rises but more and more slowly, a line which falls faster and faster, or a line which falls but more and more slowly
2. Answer the same question assuming that every week you bury 1 more gram than you did the previous week.
3. Answer the same question assuming that every week you bury half the amount you did the previous week.
Your solution
1.) The wording has confused me. the accumulation from week to week is the same. on a y axis, the amount being the same, would that keep it at the same point? this is what I am thinking. A straight line would happen.
@&
Right. You would have a straight horizontal line.
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2.) it would be a rising straight line at a constant rate.
3.) it wold be a decreasing line at a constant rate.
Confidence Assessment 2.
Given Solution
`aThis set of questions is different from the preceding set. This question now asks about a graph of rate vs. time, whereas the last was about the graph of quantity vs. time.
Question 1 This question concerns the graph of the rate at which gold accumulates, which in this case, since you buy the same amount eact week, is constant. The graph would be a horizontal straight line.
Question 2 Each week you buy one more gram than the week before, so the rate goes up each week by 1 gram per week. You thus get a risingstraight line because the increase in the rate is the same from one week to the next.
Question 3. Since half the previous amount will be half of a declining amount, the rate will decrease while remaining positive, so the graph remains positive as it decreases more and more slowly. The rate approaches but never reaches zero.
STUDENT COMMENT I feel like I am having trouble visualizing these graphs because every time for the first one I picture an increasing straight line
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE The first graph depicts the amount of gold you have in your back yard. The second depicts the rate at which the gold is accumulating, which is related to, but certainly not the same as, the amount of gold.
For example, as long as gold is being added to the back yard, the amount will be increasing (though not necessarily on a straight line). However if less and less gold is being added every year, the rate will be decreasing (perhaps along a straight line, perhaps not).
FREQUENT STUDENT RESPONSE
This is the same as the problem before it. No self-critique is required.
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE
This question is very different that the preceding, and in a very significant and important way. You should have
self-critiqued; you should go back and insert a self-critique on this very important question and indicate your insertion by
preceding it with ####. The extra effort will be more than worth your trouble.
These two problems go to the heart of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which is the heart of this course, and the extra effort will be well worth it in the long run. The same is true of the last question in this document.
STUDENT COMMENT
Aha! Well you had me tricked. I apparently misread the question. Please don’t do this on a test!
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE
I don't usually try to trick people, and wasn't really trying to do so here, but I was aware when writing these two problems that most students would be tricked.
My real goal The distinction between these two problems is key to understanding what calculus is all about. I want to at least draw your attention to it early in the course.
Self-critique (if necessary)
I forgot to remember it would never reach zero.
Self-critique Rating 3
``q007. If the depth of water in a container is given, in centimeters, by 100 - 2 t + .01 t^2, where t is clock time in seconds, then what are the depths at clock times t = 30, t = 40 and t = 60 On the average is depth changing more rapidly during the first time interval or the second
Your solution
t will be my x, depth in cm my y
x y
30 49
40 36
60 16
the first interval is greater, larger span between 49 to 36, than 36 to 16.
@&
The span from 49 to 36 is -13, from 36 to 16 the span is -20, so the maagnitude of the span is greater for the second.
However you also have to take into account that x changes by more on the second interval, and when you do you find that the average rate on the second interval is less than on the first.
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Confidence Assessment 3
Given Solution
`aAt t = 30 we get depth = 100 - 2 t + .01 t^2 = 100 - 2 30 + .01 30^2 = 49.
At t = 40 we get depth = 100 - 2 t + .01 t^2 = 100 - 2 40 + .01 40^2 = 36.
At t = 60 we get depth = 100 - 2 t + .01 t^2 = 100 - 2 60 + .01 60^2 = 16.
49 cm - 36 cm = 13 cm change in 10 sec or 1.3 cms on the average.
36 cm - 16 cm = 20 cm change in 20 sec or 1.0 cms on the average.
Self-critique (if necessary) OK
Self-critique Rating OK
Question `q008. If the rate at which water descends in a container is given, in cms, by 10 - .1 t, where t is clock time in seconds, then at what rate is water descending when t = 10, and at what rate is it descending when t = 20 How much would you therefore expect the water level to change during this 10-second interval
Your solution
Not sure I understand the question.
10-.1(10)= 9
(numbers in between)
10-.1(20)= 8
ten seconds have past. the middle ground between 8 and 9 is 8.5. so 10 * 8.5 is 85, so it will change around this much, but maybe not exact.
????is this proper thinking
@&
It is.
*@
it has changed 1 cm.
@&
However the change in water level is 85 cm, not 1 cm.
The change in the rate is 1 cm/second, but that isn't the change in the water level.
I advocate the use of units with your calculations, which would help you keep track of meanings.
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Confidence Assessment 2
Given Solution
`aAt t = 10 sec the rate function gives us 10 - .1 10 = 10 - 1 = 9, meaning a rate of 9 cm sec.
At t = 20 sec the rate function gives us 10 - .1 20 = 10 - 2 = 8, meaning a rate of 8 cm sec.
The rate never goes below 8 cms, so in 10 sec the change wouldn't be less than 80 cm.
The rate never goes above 9 cms, so in 10 sec the change wouldn't be greater than 90 cm.
Any answer that isn't between 80 cm and 90 cm doesn't fit the given conditions..
The rate change is a linear function of t. Therefore the average rate is the average of the two rates, or 8.5 cms.
The average of the rates is 8.5 cmsec. In 10 sec that would imply a change of 85 cm.
STUDENT RESPONSES
The following, or some variation on them, are very common in student comments. They are both very good questions. Because of the importance of the required to answer this question correctly, the instructor will typically request for a revision in response to either student response
I don't understand how the answer isn't 1 cms. That's the difference between 8 cms and 9 cms.
I don't understand how the answer isn't 8.5 cms. That's the average of the 8 cms and the 9 cms.
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE
A self-critique should include a full statement of what you do and do not understand about the given solution. A phrase-by-phrase analysis of the solution is not unreasonable (and would be a good idea on this very important question), though it wouldn't be necessary in most situations.
An important part of any self-critique is a good question, and you have asked one. However a self-critique should if possible go further. I'm asking that you go back and insert a self-critique on this very important question and indicate your insertion by preceding it with ####, before submitting it. The extra effort will be more than worth your trouble.
This problem, along with questions 5 and 6 of this document, go to the heart of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which is the heart of this course, and the extra effort will be well worth it in the long run.
You should review the instructions for self-critique, provided at the link given at the beginning of this document.
STUDENT COMMENT
The question is worded very confusingly. I took a stab and answered correctly. When answering, How much would you
therefore expect the water level to change during this 10-second interval It is hard to tell whether you are asking for
what is the expected change in rate during this interval and what is the changing water level. But now, after looking at
it, with your comments, it is clearer that I should be looking for the later. Thanks!
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE
'Water level' is clearly not a rate. I don't think there's any ambiguity in what's being asked in the stated question.
The intent is to draw the very important distinction between the rate at which a quantity changes, and the change in the quantity.
It seems clear that as a result of this question you understand this and will be more likely to make such distinctions in your subsequent work.
This distinction is at the heart of the calculus and its applications. It is in fact the distinction between a derivative and an integral.
Self-critique (if necessary)
I think i got lucky with it being linear to arrive at the answer like i did. would it be the fact that the distance between 8 and 9 is 1, indicating that it is linear?
Self-critique Rating 1
@&
A linear function has the form y = a x + b or, for a function of t, y = a t + b. You can pretty easily see why the slope of a graph of this function is a: every time t changes by 1 unit, y changes by a units.
The function in this example is 10 - .1 t, which is of the form a t + b with a = -0.1 and b = 10.
When a function is linear, its average value on any interval occurs at the halfway point of the interval, and is halfway between the values at the endpoints of the interval. In this case the function gives you the rate, and the average value is the average rate.
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Question `q009. Sketch the line segment connecting the points (2, -4) and (6, 4), and the line segment connecting the points (2, 4) and (6, 1). The first of these lines if the graph of the function f(x), the second is the graph of the function g(x). Both functions are defined on the interval 2 = x = 6.
Let h(x) be the function whose value at x is the product of the values of these two functions. For example, when x = 2 the value of the first function is -4 and the value of the second is 4, so when x = 2 the value of h(x) is -4 4 = -16.
Answer the following based just on the characteristics of the graphs you have sketched. (e.g., you could answer the following questions by first finding the formulas for f(x) and g(x), then combining them to get a formula for h(x); that's a good skill but that is not the intent of the present set of questions).
What is the value of h(x) when x = 6
Is the value of h(x) ever greater than its value at x = 6
What is your best description of the graph of h(x)
Your solution
first segment slope = 2 y-(-4)= (2)(x-(2). y = 2x-8 f(x) = 2x-8
second segment slope = -3/4 y-4=(-3/4)(x-6) y = (-3/4)x+ 8.5 g(x) = (-3/4)x + 8.5
plug in the points you want to find the y, to get the product for h(x). or alternatively just use the slopes to find the points, and use the y to make the product for h(x).
from the two segments there are two locations where there x values are the same and integers, 2, and 6. so using those points, we find two points for h(x). (2, -16) and (6,4), graphing this, and finding the slop to be 3. its a linear line segment that has a slope of 3.
Confidence Assessment 2
Question `q010. A straight line segment connects the points (3,5) and (7,9), while the points (3, 9) and (7, 5) are connected by a curve which decreases at an increasing rate. From each of the four points a line segment is drawn directly down to the x axis, so that the first line segment is the top of a trapezoid and the second a similar to a trapezoid but with a curved 'top'. Which trapezoid has the greater area
Your solution
The altitude and width of both of these are the same, so it definitely has to be based on the curve. the curve is convex with this trapezoid, so it should have added a little extra than a straight line, so the second one has a larger area.
@&
Good.
*@
Confidence Assessment 1
Question `q011. Describe the graph of the position of a car vs. clock time, given each of the following conditions
The car coasts down a straight incline, gaining the same amount of speed every second
The car coasts down a hill which gets steeper and steeper, gaining more speed every second
The car coasts down a straight incline, but due to increasing air resistance gaining less speed with every passing second
Describe the graph of the rate of change of the position of a car vs. clock time, given each of the above conditions.
Your solution
1.) assuming position of the car is considered in distance traveled. the graph is increasing at a constant rate.
2.) exponential graph, the graph is increasing at an increased rate
3.) logarithmic graph, the graph is increases, but at a decreased rate.
Confidence Assessment 2
Question `q012. If at t = 100 seconds water is flowing out of a container at the rate of 1.4 liters second, and at t = 150 second the rate is 1.0 liters second, then what is your best estimate of how much water flowed out during the 50-second interval
Your solution
within 50 seconds the rate change .4 liters. 20 liters.
@&
The rate is never less than 1 liter / second, so in 50 seconds the amount could not be less than 50 liters.
The rate is never greater than 1.4 liter / second, so in 50 seconds the amount could not be greater than 70 liters.
20 liters is the difference between the least possible amount and the greatest, but it isn't a correct answer to the question.
*@
Confidence Assessment 2
Self-critique Rating"
&#Your work looks good. See my notes. Let me know if you have any questions. &#