query 3

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course Mth 173

1/27 6:23 p.m.

Your solution, attempt at solution.

If you are unable to attempt a solution, give a phrase-by-phrase interpretation of the problem along with a statement of what

you do or do not understand about it. This response should be given, based on the work you did in completing the

assignment, before you look at the given solution.

003. `query 3

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Question: `q Query class notes #04 explain how we can prove that the rate-of-depth-change function for depth function y = a

t^2 + b t + c is y' = 2 a t + b

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Your solution:

It is the derivative

The average of two points

'dy/'dt

????? I am only parroting information, I do not understand HOW. to me the average rate of change would just be finding the

value of depth for one time, then the value of depth of the second, and basically do the formula for slope (y2-y1)/(x2-x1).

Is the purpose for doing 'dy/'dt just to find the equation for a derivative? and that we basically plug it into a formula for slope

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Here is how I see it

y1 is going to be a location for a value of x. so y1= y(x). y2 is going to be a certain distance from y1. so y2 is y1 + the

distance we have to travel to get to the next y, which when we travel that way, we are spanning across the x-axis.

y2=y(x + distance to reach y2's x) or y2=y(x + 'dx).

so y2-y1 would be y(x+'dx)-y(x)

this is then divided by x2- x1. which is the distance we traveled across the x-axis to reach y2 from y1.

so this would be the change 'dt

When thinking that way it seems just to be a slope.

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The average slope between the x point and the x + `dx point is

rise / run = `dy / `dx = (y(x + `dx) - y(x)) / (x + `dx - x) = (y(x + `dx) - y(x)) / `dx.

This coincides with the expression for the average rate of change of y with respect to x.

You don't need to invoke the graph to talk about the average rate of change, though it is very often helpful to do so.************

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confidence rating #$&*:1

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Given Solution:

** You have to find the average rate of change between clock times t and t + `dt:

ave rate of change = [ a (t+`dt)^2 + b (t+`dt) + c - ( a t^2 + b t + c ) ] / `dt = [ a t^2 + 2 a t `dt + a `dt^2 + b t + b `dt + c -

( a t^2 + b t + c ) ] / `dt

= [ 2 a t `dt + a `dt^2 + b `dt ] / `dt

= 2 a t + b t + a `dt.

Now if `dt shrinks to a very small value the ave rate of change approaches y ' = 2 a t + b. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

I still am not sure I understand this equation, and its meaning of proving it, it just seems like the slope to me.

@&

What is the expression for y(t + `dt)?

It is a (t+`dt)^2 + b (t+`dt) + c.

What is the expression for y(t)?

It is ( a t^2 + b t + c ) .

What therefore is the expression for `dy = y(t + `dt) - y(t)?

It is a (t+`dt)^2 + b (t+`dt) + c - ( a t^2 + b t + c ) .

So the expression for `dy / `dt is as indicated in the given solution.

In terms of the graph, `dy is the rise and `dt is the run, so the calculation of the average rate of change can be identified with the average slope between the two points.

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Self-critique Rating:1

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Question: `q explain how we know that the depth function for rate-of-depth-change function y' = m t + b must be y = 1/2 m

t^2 + b t + c, for some constant c, and explain the significance of the constant c.

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Your solution:

When you find the average rate function, the original equation you get is y'= 2at+b this looks pretty close to slope-intercept

form so 2a must = m

then in the orignal it is y=at^2+bt+c, there is only 1 a here, which is half of what m = equals in the other equation, so it would

be 1/2m.

C seems to have no importance in understanding this, except that you must leave it alone.

confidence rating #$&*: 2

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Given Solution:

** Student Solution: If y = a t^2 + b t + c we have y ' (t) = 2 a t + b, which is equivalent to the given function y ' (t)=mt+b .

Since 2at+b=mt+b for all possible values of t the parameter b is the same in both equations, which means that the coefficients

2a and m must be equal also.

So if 2a=m then a=m/2. The depth function must therefore be y(t)=(1/2)mt^2+bt+c.

c is not specified by this analysis, so at this point c is regarded as an arbitrary constant. c depends only on when we start our

clock and the position from which the depth is being measured. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Question: `q Explain why, given only the rate-of-depth-change function y' and a time interval, we can determine only the

change in depth and not the actual depth at any time, whereas if we know the depth function y we can determine the rate-of-

depth-change function y' for any time.

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Your solution:

I am not sure how to explain this. When we find the derivative, we solved the equation for a rate of change, so anything we put in will be a result of change, we would have to backtrack through the formula to an earlier form to see (y(x+'dx)-y(x))/(x+'dx)-x

???could we not then find the actual depth

it seems if I was given an equation y'= 2.4x-b

that I could find y=1.2t^2-bt+c, then I could make some equations, and solve for the other varialbes (given I have some data to work with).

MAYBE thats what the question means, I HAVE to have data to work that way, but I can always get the rate of change if I already know the depth function.

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If all you have is the formula for y ', you have no way of finding the value of c, so you can't find the actual depth.

However if you do know the depth at some specific time, you have the information you need to find c.

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confidence rating #$&*: 1

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Given Solution:

** Given the rate function y' we can find an approximate average rate over a given time interval by averaging initial and final

rates. Unless the rate function is linear this estimate will not be equal to the average rate (there are rare exceptions for some

functions over specific intervals, but even for these functions the statement holds over almost all intervals).

Multiplying the average rate by the time interval we obtain the change in depth, but unless we know the original depth we

have nothing to which to add the change in depth. So if all we know is the rate function, have no way to find the actual depth

at any clock time.

ANOTHER EXPLANATION:

The average rate of change over a time interval is rAve = `dy / `dt. If we know rAve and `dt, then, we can easily find `dy,

which is the change in depth. None of this tells us anything about the actual depth, only about the change in depth.

If we don't know rAve but know the function r(t) we can't use the process above to get the exact change in depth over a

given interval, though we can often make a pretty good guess at what the average rate is (for a quadratic depth function, as

the quiz showed, you can actually be exact the average rate is just the rate at the midpoint of the interval; it's also the average

of the initial and final rates; and all this is because for a quadratic the rate function is linear--if you think about those statements

you see that they characterize a linear function, whose average on an interval occurs at a midpoint etc.). For anything but a

linear rate function we can't so easily tell what the average is.

However we do know that the rate function is the derivative of the depth function. So if we can find an antiderivative of the

rate function, all we have to do to find the change in depth is find the difference in its values from the beginning to the end of

the interval. This difference will be the same whichever antiderivative we find, because the only difference that can exist

between two antiderivatives of a given rate function is a constant (whose derivative is zero).

We have to develop some machinery to prove this rigorously but this is the essence of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

You might not understand it completely at this point, but keep coming back to this explanation every week or so and you will

soon enough.**

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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Question: `q In terms of the depth model explain the processes of differentiation and integration.

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Your solution:

differentiation is the process of finding the derivative. Integration is findthing the depth formula with the derivative. anti-derivative in this case.

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

** Rate of depth change can be found from depth data. This is equivalent to differentiation.

Given rate-of-change information it is possible to find depth changes but not actual depth. This is equivalent to integration.

To find actual depths from rate of depth change would require knowledge of at least one actual depth at a known clock time.

**

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You are asking some excellent questions, and you are dealing with this material very intelligently and, I believe, very successfully.

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