Query 16

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course Mth 163

12/6 11

016. `query 16

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Question: `qbehavior and source of exponential functions problem 1, perversions of laws of exponents

Why is the following erroneous: a^n * b^m = (ab) ^ (n*m)

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Your solution:

Because you can multiply a and b, and then add n and m. So you cannot get the same answer if you do n*m. The correct way would be a^n * b^m = ab^(n+m).

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE: my example was (4^2)(5^3) did not equal 20^6

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT

** more generally a^n * b^n = a^(n+m), which usually does not equal (ab) ^ (n * m) **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

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Question: `qWhy is the follow erroneous: a^(-n) = - a^n

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Your solution:

The correct way would be a^-n = 1/a^n

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE: 2^-3 is not equal to -2^3

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT:

** A more general counterexample: a^(-n) = 1 / a^n is positive when a is positive whereas -a^n is negative when a is

positive **

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Question: `qWhy is the following erroneous: a^n + a^m = a^(n+m)

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Your solution:

You would not get the same answer here. An example is

A^2 + a^3 is not equal to a^(2+3)

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE: (5^3)+(5^4) is not equal to 5^7

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT:

(5^3) * (5^4) = (5^7) since (5*5*5) * (5*5*5*5) = 5*5*5*5*5*5*5 = 5^7.

However (5^3) + (5^7) = 5*5*5 + 5*5*5*5*5 = 5*5*5( 1 + 5*5) = 5^3( 1 + 5^2), not 5^7.**

STUDENT QUESTION:

Why do you write it out as 5*5*5(1+5*5) = 5^3(1+5^2) and how did you get that from the original problem?

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE:

If you factor 5*5*5 out of 5*5*5 + 5*5*5*5*5 you get 5*5*5 ( 1 + 5*5).

If you aren't sure of why, multiply that product out:

5*5*5 ( 1 + 5*5) = 5*5*5*1 + 5*5*5 * 5*5 = 5*5*5 + 5*5*5*5*5.

The factorization used here can be generalized to prove that a^3 + a^4 is not equal to a^(3 + 4), and more generally that a^b + a^c is cannot be identified with a^(b + c).

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Your solution:

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE: Why is the following erroneous: a^0 = 0

4^0 is not equal to 0

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT:

** a^(-n) * a^n = 0 but neither a^(-n) nor a^n need equal zero **

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Question: `q Why is the following erroneous: a^n * a^m = a^(n*m).

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Your solution:

This would not equal. The correct way would be a^(n+m)

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE: (4^7)(4^2) is not equal to 4^14

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT:

Right. Generally a^n * a^m = a^(n+m), not a^(n*m).

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ok

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Question: `qproblem 2. Graph nd describe

Give basic points and asymptote; y values corresponding to the basic points, ratio of these y values: y = 1200 (2^(.12 t) )

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Your solution:

Basic points: (0, 1200), (1, 1304.08)

Asymptote: negative x axis

Ratio: 2^.12

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE

(0,1200),(1,1304)

negative x-axis

ratio=163/150

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT:

the precise ratio is 2^.12, which is probably pretty close to 163/150

STUDENT QUESTION:

Does it matter which form you write this ratio in?

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE:

If you're looking for an exact result then the fraction would be the most useful form.

If, as in most applications, you're dealing with approximate numbers in the first place, then the approximation is the more desirable form.

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Question: `qgive basic points and asymptote; y values corresponding to the basic points, ratio of these y values:

y = 400 ( 1.07 ) ^ t

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Your solution:

Basic points: (0, 400) , (1, 428)

Asymptote: negative x asix

Ratio: 1.07

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

You get two separate equations.

Two equations are necessary to find the values of the two parameters A and b.

You would not use two different values of y in the same equation.

ERRONEOUS STUDENT SOLUTION (including error), instructor notes in bold

Asymptote: (400,0)

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(400, 0) is a point, not an asymptote.

An asymptote is a line a graph approaches, more and more closely and with no limit on how close, but never reaches.

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Basic points at x = -1, 0 and 1.

y values are 400 * 1.07^-1 = 373.8, 400 * 1.07^0 = 400, 400 * 1.07^1 = 428.

Basic point (0,400) vertex

Other two basic points (1, 428)(-1, 373.8)

Ratio: -337.8/428=-.873

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This is a ratio, but the ratio implied here is a ratio between successive points. This ratio skips a point.

Also the 373.8 is not negative. Ideally you would have sketched a rough graph showing these points, which would avoid the error in reading that value as a negative.

Otherwise, since the question didn't specify just which ratio, what you did makes sense.

However the ratios as illustrated in the worksheets are the ratios as you move to the right. So you divide the later value by the earlier.

When you do so for two consecutive basic points, as you see, the ratio is the same as the base of your exponential function (which in this case is 1.07).

The result would be the same whichever of the two pairs of consecutive basic points you used (i.e., it would be the same whether you used the t = -1 and t = 0 points or the t = 0 and t = 1 points). In fact it will be the same for any two points where the t value changes by +1.

This is a fundamental property of the exponential function. When the t value changes by a given amount, it doesn't matter which t value you started at, you get the same ratio.

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`aSTUDENT RESPONSE

(0,400),(1,428)

Neg. x-axis

1.07 or 107/100 is ratio

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT: that ratio is correct and is of course equal to 1.07

ERRONEOUS STUDENT RESPONSE AND INSTRUCTOR COMMENT:

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Question: `qgive basic points and asymptote; y values corresponding to the basic points, ratio of these y values:

y = 250 ( 1 - .12 ) ^ t

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Your solution:

Basic points: (0, 250), (1, 220)

Asymptote: pos. x axis

Ratio: .88

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE

The basic points are (0,250),(1,220)

The positive x-axis is the horizontal asymptote

The ratio of y values at the basic points is 220 / 250 = .88.

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT: Note also that the ratio .88 is equal to 1-.12; .88 is the growth factor and .12 is the

growth rate.

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Question: `qgive basic points and asymptote; y values corresponding to the basic points, ratio of these y values:

y = .04 ( .8 ) ^ t

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Your solution:

Basic points: (0, .04), (1, .032)

Asymptote: neg. x axis

Ratio: .8

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE

(0,.04),(1,.032) are the basic points and the asymptote is the positive x-axis.

The ratio is .32 / .4 = .8.

The pattern is that the ratio is equal to b, where b is the base for the form y = A b ^ x.

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Question: `q problem 3. y = f(x) = 5 (1.27^x).

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Self-critique (if necessary):

Basic points: (0, 5), (1, 6.35)

Negative x axis

Ratio : 1.27

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Question: `qWhat is the ratio between the y values at x = 0 and at x = 1?

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Your solution:

Ratio for x = 0 is 1

Ratio for x = 1 is 1.27

1.27/1 = 1.27

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** f(1) / f(0) = 5 * 1.27^1 / ( 5 * 1.27^0) = 1.27 **

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Question: `qWhat is the ratio between the y values at to x = 3.4 and x = 4.4?

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Your solution:

1.27^3.4 = 2.254

1.27^4.4 = 2.862

2.862/2.254 = 1.27

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** f(4.4) / f(3.4) = 5 * 1.27^4.4 / ( 5 * 1.27 ^3.4) = 1.27. **

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Question: `qVerify that the ratio of y values is again the same for your own points where x differs by 1 unit.

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Your solution:

X = 4 and x = 5

1.27^4 = 2.601

1.27^5 = 3.304

3.304/2.601 = 1.27

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** STUDENT RESPONSE: My points were 4.5 and 5.5, and the y ratio was again 1.27 **

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Question: `qWhat is the ratio of y values when x values are separated by two units?

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Your solution:

If they are separated by 2 units, it would be 1.27^2 = 1.6129

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** If x values are separated by 2 units then the ratio is 1.27^(x+2) / 1.27^x = 1.27^(x+2 - x) = 1.27^2 = 1.61 approx.

**

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Question: `q problem 4. Ratio of y values at x = x1 and x = x1+1

What does your result tell you about how the ratio depends on the x value x1?

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Your solution:

5(1.27^x1+1) / 5(1.27^x1) = 1.27^1 = 1.27

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** If y = A b^x then the value at x1 is A b^x1 and the value at x1 + 1 is A b ^(x1 + 1). The ratio of these values is

A b^(x1+1) / A b^x1 = b^(x1 + 1 - x1) = b^1 = b.

The ratio should have been b, where b is the base in the form y = A b^x. This is the same as in all previous examples,

which shows that there is no dependence on x1. **

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Question: `qproblem 5. y = 3 (2 ^ (.3 x) ).

What is the ratio of the two basic-point y values?

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Your solution:

(0, 3) and (1, 3.69)

Ratio = 3.69/3 = 1.23

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** The basic points are the x = 0 and x = 1 points. The corresponding y values are 3(2^.(3*0) ) = 3 and 3(2^(.3 *1) )

= 3 * 2^.3 = 3.69 approx.

The ratio of these values is 3.69 / 3 = 1.23. **

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Question: `qWhat is the y = A b^x form of this function?

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Your solution:

y = 3 (1.23^x)

a = 3 and b = 1.23

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** 3 (2 ^ (.3 x) ) = 3 (2^.3)x = 3 * 1.23^x, approx.

This is in the form y = A b^x for A = 3 and b = 1.23. **

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Question: `qWhat does the value of 2 ^ .3 have to do with this situation?

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Your solution:

2^.3 is needed to multiply by 3, then divide by 3, to get the ratio, which is b.

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** CORRECT STUDENT RESPONSE: this is the b value in the form y = A b^x. **

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Question: `qproblem 6 P(n+1) = (1+r) P(n), with r = .1 and P(0) = $1000.

What are P(1), P(2), ..., P(5)?

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Your solution:

P(0 + 1) = (1 + .1) P(0)

P(1) = 1.1 * 1000

= 1100

P(1+1) = (1+.1) P(1)

P(2) = 1.1 * 1100

= 1210

P(2+1) = (1+.1) P(2)

P(3) = 1.1 * 1210

= 1331

P(3+1) = (1+.1) P(3)

P(4) = 1.1 * 1331

= 1464.1

P(4+1) = (1+.1) P(4)

P(5) = 1.1 * 1464.1

= 1610.51

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** If n = 0 we get

P(0 + 1) = (1 + .1) * P(0), or P(1) = 1.1 * P(0). Since P(0) = $1000 we have P(1) = 1.1 * $1000 = $1100.

If n = 1 we get

P(1 + 1) = (1 + .1) * P(1), or P(2) = 1.1 * P(1). Since P(1) = $1000 we have P(2) = 1.1 * $1100 = $1210.

If n = 2 we get

P(2 + 1) = (1 + .1) * P(2), or P(3) = 1.1 * P(2). Since P(2) = $1000 we have P(3) = 1.1 * $1210 = $1331.

If n = 3 we get

P(3 + 1) = (1 + .1) * P(3), or P(4) = 1.1 * P(3). Since P(3) = $1000 we have P(4) = 1.1 * $1331 = $1464/1.

If n = 4 we get

P(4 + 1) = (1 + .1) * P(4), or P(5) = 1.1 * P(4). Since P(4) = $1000 we have P(5) = 1.1 * $1464.1 = $1610.51. **

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Question: `qproblem 8. Q(n+1) = .85 Q(n), Q(0) = 400.

What are Q(n) for n = 1, 2, 3 and 4 ?

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Your solution:

Q(1+1) = .85 * 400

Q(2) = 340

Q(2+1) = .85 * 340

Q(3) = 289

Q(3+1) = .85 * 289

Q(4) = 245.65

Q(4+1) = .85 * 245.65

Q(5) = 208.80

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** For n = 0 we have Q(0 + 1) = .85 Q(0) so Q(1) = .85 * 400 = 340.

For n = 1 we have Q(1 + 1) = .85 Q(1) so Q(2) = .85 * 340 = 289.

For n = 2 we have Q(2 + 1) = .85 Q(2) so Q(3) = .85 * 400 = 245.65.

For n = 3 we have Q(3 + 1) = .85 Q(3) so Q(4) = .85 * 400 = 208.803. **

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ok

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Question: `qWhat is the growth rate for this equation?

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Your solution:

Growth rate is .85

confidence rating #$&*: 2

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Given Solution:

`a** The growth factor is .85, which is 1 + growth rate. It follows that the growth rate is .85 - 1 = -.15 **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

Why would you use - 1. Im not sure I understand why???

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Question: `qproblem 9. interest rate 12%, initial principle $2000.

What is your difference equation?

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Your solution:

.12 is growth rate

P(.12 + 1) P(n)

P(0) = 2000

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** The growth rate is 12% = .12

The growth factor is therefore 1 + .12 and the difference equation is

P(n+1)=(1+.12)P(n), P(0)=2000. **

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Question: `qHow did you use your difference equation to find the principle after 1, 2, 3 and 4 years and what

did you get?

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Your solution:

P(n +1) = P(.12 + 1) P(n)

P(0+1) = P(.12 +1) 2000 = 2240

P(1) = 2240

P(2) = 2508.8

P(3) = 2809.856

P(4) = 3147.03872

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

`a** STUDENT RESPONSE

P(0+1)=(1+.12)2000 and so on up to P(4) was found.

P1=2240

P2=2508.8

P3=2809.856

P4=3147.03872 **

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Question: `qproblem 11. Texcess(t) = 50 (.97 ^ t).

What is your estimate of the time required to fall to 1/8 of the original value?

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Your solution:

Texcess(t) = 50 (.97^t)

1/8 * 50 = 6.25

Texcess(t) = 50 (.97^t) = 6.25

.97^t = 6.25

T = 68 = .126

T = 68.5 = .124

T = 68.4 = .125

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** The original value takes place at t = 0 and is Texcess(0) = 50 * .97^0 = 50.

1/8 of the original value is therefore 1/8 * 50 = 6.25.

You have to find t such that 50 * .97^t = 6.25. Dividing both sides by 50 you get

.97^t = 6.25 / 50 or

.97^t = .125.

Use trial and error to find t:

Try t = 10: .97^10 = .74 approx. That's too high.

Try t = 100: .97^100 = .04 approx. That's too low.

So try a number between 10 and 100, probably closer to 100.

Try 70: .97^70 = .118. Lucky guess. That's close to .125 but a little low.

{Try 65: .97^65 = .138. Too high.

Try a number between 65 and 70, closer to 70 but not too much closer.

Try 68: .97^68 = .126. That's good to the nearest whole number.

The process could be continued and refined to get more accurate values of t. **

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Question: `qWhat are your ratios of temperature excess to average rate, and are they nearly constant?

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Your solution:

Four equal segments; t = 0, 17, 34, 51, 68

(68/4 = 17, 68 - 17 = 51, 51-17 = 34)

t = 0 = 50

t = 17 = 29.79

t = 34 = 17.75

t = 51 = 10.58

t = 68 = 6.3

This is the Texcess but I’m not sure how to get the average rate of change.

confidence rating #$&*: 1

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Given Solution:

`a** If the function is 50 (.97^t) then at t = 0, 17, 34, 51, 68 we have function values

• temp excesses: 50, 29.79130219, 17.75043372, 10.57617070, 6.301557949

and average rates of change

• ave rates: -1.18756929, -0.7082863803, -0.4220154719, -0.2514478090, -0.1498191533.

On the corresponding trapezoidal graph of temperature excess vs. clock time we have four trapezoids, and their slopes correspond to the average rates of change.

The 'altitudes' of the trapezoids correspond to the temperature excesses.

• Each trapezoid has a single slope, but two 'altitudes', corresponding to the fact that each interval has two temperature excesses but only a single average rate.

• To calculate the desired ratio for an interval, we need a single value of the temperature excess to compare with the single rate.

• Rather than using either of the two temp excesses or 'altitudes', it's more appropriate to use their average.

The four trapezoids have 'average altitudes' 39.89565109, 23.77086796, 14.16330221, 8.438864327, each corresponding to the average of the initial and final 'tempearture excesses' on the associated interval.

Ratio of temp excess to ave rate, using 'average altitudes' as temp excess, are therefore 39.9 / (-1.19), 23.8 / (-.708), 14.2 / (-.422), 8.44 / (-.251).

These quantities vary slightly but all are close to the same value around 33. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

I’m lost on how to get the average rate of change, and the average altitude. This is confusing me for some reason. ????

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Self-critique rating:

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The average rate of chage of temperature excess with respect to clock time are calculated as

average rate = change in temperature / change in clock time.

Between any two consecutive values of the temperature excess, the change in clock time is 17. The change in temperature varies from one pair of clock times to another.

For example from t = 17 to t = 34, the temperature changes from 29.79 to 17.75, a change of -12.05, so the average rate is

ave rate = -12.04 / 17 = -.708.

The other average rates are calculated similarly.

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@&

For the interval between t = 17 and t = 34, the temperature excess changes from 29.79 to 17.75. On a graph the temperature excess will be measured relative to the vertical axis, so a temperature excess will correspond to a point at that distance from the horizontal axis. For example, the point (17, 29.7) lies at 'altitude' 29.79 relative to the x axis.

For the given interval the altitudes are 29.79 and 17.75. You will average them to get the average altitude for that interval.

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Question: `qWhat are your estimates of the times required to fall to half of the three values?

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Your solution:

Three half values would be 50/2 = 25, 25/2 = 12.5, 12.5/2 = 6.25

For 25, t = about 20

For 12.5, t = about 45

For 6.25, t = about 68

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** STUDENT RESPONSE: The temperature falls to 50/2 = 25 at t = 22.75.

The temperature falls to 25/2 = 12.5 at t = 45.51

The temperature falls to 12.5/2 = 6.25 at t = 68.26.

The time interval required for each subsequent fall is very close to 22.75, demonstrating that the half-life is constant. **

STUDENT QUESTION

I don’t understand how to get the t values.

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE

You evaluate the function

Texcess(t) = 50 (.97 ^ t)

at various values of t until you find the result you're looking for.

For example the temperature falls to 25/2 = 12.5 at some value of t. You can plug in t = 10 but the result will be greater than 12.5. You could plug in higher values of t until you find a result that's lower than 12.5. Then you can keep trying numbers in between until you find a t value that gets you reasonably close to T = 12.5. That occurs around t = 45.51.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

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Self-critique rating:

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Question: `qGive the original and the simplified equation to determine the time required for Texcess to fall to half

its original value.

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Your solution:

50/2 = 25

50* .97^t = 25

.97^t = .5

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** Texcess has an original value at t = 0, which gives us Texcess(0) = 50 * .97^0 = 50. Half its original value is

therefore 25.

So our equation is

25 = 50 * .97^t.

This equation is simplified by dividing both sides by 50 to get

.97^t = 1/2. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

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Self-critique rating: ok

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Question: `qproblem 12. Texcess(t) = 50(.97^t), room temperature {{ 25 if you used Celsius and 75 if you

used Farenheit in your observations

What function Temp(t) gives temperature as a function of time?

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Your solution:

50 * .97^t + 75

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** Using 75 for room temperature and realizing that temperature is room temperature + temperature excess we obtain

the function

Temp(t)=50(.97^t)+75.**

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

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Self-critique rating: ok

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Question: `qIdentify the values of A, b and c in the generalized form y = A b^x + c.

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Your solution:

A = 50

B = .97

C = 75

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** Since the function is Temp(t) = 50(.97^t)+75 , the y = A b^x + c has y = Temp(t), A = 50, b = .97 and c = 75. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

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Self-critique rating: ok

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Question: `qproblem 14. Antiobiotic removal, 40 mg/hour when there are 200 milligrams present

At what rate would antibiotic be removed when there are 70 milligrams present?

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Your solution:

Y = 40 and x = 200

40 = k200

K = .2

Y = .2x

Y = .2 (70)

Y = 14

Removed at 14mg/hr.

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`a** If the rate of removal is directly proportional the quantity present then we have

y = k x

where y is the rate of removal and x the amount present.

Since y = 40 when x = 200 we have

40 = k * 200 so that

k = 40/200 = .2.

Thus y = .2 x.

If x = 70 then we have

y = .2 * 70 = 14.

When there are 70 mg present the rate of removal is 14 mg/hr. **

Add comments on any surprises or insights you experienced as a result of this assignment.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

This assignment was easy on some parts, and confusing in some.

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Self-critique rating: ok

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Question: Explain why valid or not valid. if invalid give valid form for both sides:

(n^p)^q = n^(p+q)

2^(.3 * x) = (2^.3) * x

2^(.3 + x) = 2^.3 * 2^X

a^(b^c) = (a^b)^c.

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Your solution:

(n^p)^q = n^(p+q) is valid

2^(.3 * x) = (2^.3) * x is not valid. Not sure what would be a valid form. Tried a few diff things, but could not come up with the correct answer.

2^(.3 + x) = 2^.3 * 2^x is valid

a^(b^c) = (a^b)^c is not valid. Not sure what would be a valid form.

confidence rating #$&*: 2

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If you understand the assignment and were able to solve the previously given problems from your worksheets, you should be able to complete most of the following problems quickly and easily. If you experience difficulty with some of these problems, you will be given notes and we will work to resolve difficulties.

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Question: What equation would you solve to get the half-life of the function y = 3500 * 0.88^t?

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Your solution:

3500/2 = 1750

3500 * 088^t = 1750

.88^t = .5

T = about 6

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Question: What is the ratio f(x + .5) / f(x) for the function f(x) = 25 * (1/4)^x?

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Your solution:

F(x) = 25 * .25^x

Ratio is 25*.25^1 = 6.25/25 = .25

Ratio would be .25^x

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Question: What are the growth rate and growth factor of the function y = 140 * (1 - .08)^x?

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Your solution:

Growth rate is .08 with growth factor .08 + 1 = 1.08

confidence rating #$&*: 2

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Question: What is the y = A b^x form of the function y = 3 * 2^(2 x)?

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Your solution:

This function is in the y = A b^x form. ?????

@&

The exponent in the given form is 2x, not x.

To be in the form A b^x, the exponent must be x.

The solution:

2^(2x) = (2^2)^x = 4^x

found by using the laws of exponents.

So the function in the desired form would be

y = 3 * 4^x.

*@

confidence rating #$&*: 0

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Question: The function y = A b^x has value y = 5 when x = 4 and y = 6 when x = 5. What is the value of b?

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Your solution:

5 = A b^4

6 = A b^5

Not sure how to find b???? I need A to get the value of b.

@&

If you divide one equation by the other, A is eliminated and you have an equation in b only.

Having solved that equation to find b, you simply substitute that value for b in either of the original equations and solve for A.

*@

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Self-critique (if necessary):

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&#Good responses. See my notes and let me know if you have questions. &#