course Phy231

......!!!!!!!!................................... 20:27:39

`q011. The water in a small container is frozen in a freezer until its temperature reaches -20 Celsius. The container is then placed in a microwave oven, which proceeds to deliver energy at a constant rate of 600 Joules per second. After 10 seconds the ice is still solid and its temperature is -1 Celsius. After another 10 seconds a little bit of the cube is melted and the temperature is 0 Celsius. After another minute most of the ice is melted but there is still a good bit of ice left, and the ice and water combination is still at 0 Celsius. After another minute all the ice is melted and the temperature of the water has risen to 40 degrees Celsius.

Place the following in order, from the one requiring the least energy to the one requiring the most:

Increasing the temperature of the ice by 20 degrees to reach its melting point.

Melting the ice at its melting point.

Increasing the temperature of the water by 20 degrees after all the ice melted.

At what temperature does it appear ice melts, and what is the evidence for your conclusion?

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RESPONSE -->

-20->-1 = 10 seconds

-1->0 = 10 (melt)

0->0 = 60 (melt)

0->40 = 60 (m)

Least to most

1. Increasing temp of ice by 20 to melt point

2. Increasing temp of water by 20 after ice melt

3. Melting ice at melting point

0 degrees, since it took approx 70 seconds at 0 degrees to completely melt.

confidence assessment: 3

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20:28:23

Since the temperature is the same when a little of the ice is melted as when most of it is melted, melting takes place at this temperature, which is 0 Celsius.

The time required to melt the ice is greater than any of the other times so melting at 0 C takes the most energy. Since we don't know how much ice remains unmelted before the final minute, it is impossible to distinguish between the other two quantities, but it turns out that it takes less energy to increase the temperature of ice than of liquid water.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

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20:30:12

`q012. Suppose you are in the center of a long, narrow swimming pool (e.g., a lap pool). Two friends with kickboards are using them to push waves in your direction. Their pushes are synchronized, and the crests of the waves are six feet apart as they travel toward you, with a 'valley' between each pair of crests. Since your friends are at equal distances from you the crests from both directions always reach you at the same instant, so every time the crests reach you the waves combine to create a larger crest. Similarly when the valleys meet you experience a larger valley, and as a result you bob up and down further than you would if just one person was pushing waves at you.

Now if you move a bit closer to one end of the pool the peak from that end will reach you a bit earlier, and the peak from the other end will reach you a little later. So the peaks won't quite be reaching you simultaneously, nor will the valleys, and you won't bob up and down as much. If you move far enough, in fact, the peak from one end will reach you at the same time as the valley from the other end and the peak will 'fll in' the valley, with the result that you won't bob up and down very much.

If the peaks of the approaching waves are each 6 inches high, how far would you expect to bob up and down when you are at the center point?

How far would you have to move toward one end or the other in order for peaks to meet valleys, placing you in relatively calm water?

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RESPONSE -->

6+6=12 inches

I don't know.

confidence assessment: 1

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20:32:09

If the two 6-inch peaks meet and reinforce one another completely, the height of the 'combined' peak will be 6 in + 6 in = 12 in.

If for example you move 3 ft closer to one end you move 3 ft further from the other and peaks, which are 6 ft apart, will still be meeting peaks. [ Think of it this way: If you move 3 ft closer to one end you move 3 ft further from the other. This shifts your relative position to the two waves by 6 feet (3 feet closer to the one you're moving toward, 3 feet further from the other). So if you were meeting peaks at the original position, someone at your new position would at the same time be meeting valleys, with two peaks closing in from opposite directions. A short time later the two peaks would meet at that point. ]

However if you move 1.5 ft the net 'shift' will be 3 ft and peaks will be meeting valleys so you will be in the calmest water.

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RESPONSE -->

I forgot that the 6 foot distance figured was supplied. Moving 1.5ft closer to one side of the pool moves your relative position to each wave by 3ft allowing peaks to cancel the valleys.

self critique assessment: 2

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&#Good work. Let me know if you have questions. &#

course Phy231

......!!!!!!!!................................... 20:27:39

`q011. The water in a small container is frozen in a freezer until its temperature reaches -20 Celsius. The container is then placed in a microwave oven, which proceeds to deliver energy at a constant rate of 600 Joules per second. After 10 seconds the ice is still solid and its temperature is -1 Celsius. After another 10 seconds a little bit of the cube is melted and the temperature is 0 Celsius. After another minute most of the ice is melted but there is still a good bit of ice left, and the ice and water combination is still at 0 Celsius. After another minute all the ice is melted and the temperature of the water has risen to 40 degrees Celsius.

Place the following in order, from the one requiring the least energy to the one requiring the most:

Increasing the temperature of the ice by 20 degrees to reach its melting point.

Melting the ice at its melting point.

Increasing the temperature of the water by 20 degrees after all the ice melted.

At what temperature does it appear ice melts, and what is the evidence for your conclusion?

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RESPONSE -->

-20->-1 = 10 seconds

-1->0 = 10 (melt)

0->0 = 60 (melt)

0->40 = 60 (m)

Least to most

1. Increasing temp of ice by 20 to melt point

2. Increasing temp of water by 20 after ice melt

3. Melting ice at melting point

0 degrees, since it took approx 70 seconds at 0 degrees to completely melt.

confidence assessment: 3

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20:28:23

Since the temperature is the same when a little of the ice is melted as when most of it is melted, melting takes place at this temperature, which is 0 Celsius.

The time required to melt the ice is greater than any of the other times so melting at 0 C takes the most energy. Since we don't know how much ice remains unmelted before the final minute, it is impossible to distinguish between the other two quantities, but it turns out that it takes less energy to increase the temperature of ice than of liquid water.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

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20:30:12

`q012. Suppose you are in the center of a long, narrow swimming pool (e.g., a lap pool). Two friends with kickboards are using them to push waves in your direction. Their pushes are synchronized, and the crests of the waves are six feet apart as they travel toward you, with a 'valley' between each pair of crests. Since your friends are at equal distances from you the crests from both directions always reach you at the same instant, so every time the crests reach you the waves combine to create a larger crest. Similarly when the valleys meet you experience a larger valley, and as a result you bob up and down further than you would if just one person was pushing waves at you.

Now if you move a bit closer to one end of the pool the peak from that end will reach you a bit earlier, and the peak from the other end will reach you a little later. So the peaks won't quite be reaching you simultaneously, nor will the valleys, and you won't bob up and down as much. If you move far enough, in fact, the peak from one end will reach you at the same time as the valley from the other end and the peak will 'fll in' the valley, with the result that you won't bob up and down very much.

If the peaks of the approaching waves are each 6 inches high, how far would you expect to bob up and down when you are at the center point?

How far would you have to move toward one end or the other in order for peaks to meet valleys, placing you in relatively calm water?

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RESPONSE -->

6+6=12 inches

I don't know.

confidence assessment: 1

.................................................

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20:32:09

If the two 6-inch peaks meet and reinforce one another completely, the height of the 'combined' peak will be 6 in + 6 in = 12 in.

If for example you move 3 ft closer to one end you move 3 ft further from the other and peaks, which are 6 ft apart, will still be meeting peaks. [ Think of it this way: If you move 3 ft closer to one end you move 3 ft further from the other. This shifts your relative position to the two waves by 6 feet (3 feet closer to the one you're moving toward, 3 feet further from the other). So if you were meeting peaks at the original position, someone at your new position would at the same time be meeting valleys, with two peaks closing in from opposite directions. A short time later the two peaks would meet at that point. ]

However if you move 1.5 ft the net 'shift' will be 3 ft and peaks will be meeting valleys so you will be in the calmest water.

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RESPONSE -->

I forgot that the 6 foot distance figured was supplied. Moving 1.5ft closer to one side of the pool moves your relative position to each wave by 3ft allowing peaks to cancel the valleys.

self critique assessment: 2

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&#Let me know if you have questions. &#

course Phy231

HNނlBd~Uassignment #001

001. Rates

qa rates

01-19-2009

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20:41:24

`q001. You should copy and paste these instructions to a word processor for reference. However you can always view them, as well as everything else that has appeared in this box, by clicking the 'Display Everything' button.

1. For the next question or answer, you click on 'Next Question / Answer' button above the box at top left until a question has been posed. Once a question has been posed you are to answer before you click again on this button.

2. Before clicking for an answer, type your best answer to the current question into the box to the right, then clip on the 'Enter Answer' button.

3. After entering your answer you will click on 'Next Question / Answer' to view the answer to the question. Do not tamper with the information displayed in the left-hand box.

4. If your answer was incorrect, incomplete or would otherwise require revision, you will enter a self-critique. If you learned something from the answer, you need to restate it in your own words in order to reinforce your learning. If there is something you feel you should note for future reference, you should make a note in your own words. Go to the response box (the right-hand box) and type in a self-critique and/or notes, as appropriate. Do not copy and paste anything from the left-hand box, since that information will be saved in any case.

5. If you wish to save your response to your Notes file you may choose to click on the 'Save As Notes' button rather than the 'Enter Answer' button. Doing so will save your work for your future reference. Your work will be saved in a Notes file in the c:\vhmthphy folder. The title of the Notes file will also include the name you gave when you started the program.

6. After clicking either the 'Enter Response' or the 'Save as Notes' button, click on 'Next Question / Answer' and proceed in a similar manner.

In the right-hand box briefly describe your understanding of these instructions, then click 'Enter Answer'.

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RESPONSE -->

1. Click next Q/A

2. answer the question

3. Click next Q/A

4. If answer incorrect, do self-critique

5. If you want to save, click save as notes

6. Click next Q/A and repeat

confidence assessment: 3

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20:41:31

Your answer has been noted. Enter 'ok' in the Response Box and click on Enter Response, then click on Next Question/Answer for the first real question.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

confidence assessment: 3

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20:41:56

`q002. Note that there are 10 questions in this assignment. The questions are of increasing difficulty--the first questions are fairly easy but later questions are very tricky. The main purposes of these exercises are to refine your thinking about rates, and to see how you process challenging information. Continue as far as you can until you are completely lost. Students who are prepared for the highest-level math courses might not ever get lost.

If you make $50 in 5 hr, then at what rate are you earning money?

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RESPONSE -->

$50/5hr=$10/hr

confidence assessment: 3

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20:42:23

The rate at which you are earning money is the number of dollars per hour you are earning. You are earning money at the rate of 50 dollars / (5 hours) = 10 dollars / hour. It is very likely that you immediately came up with the $10 / hour because almosteveryone is familiar with the concept of the pay rate, the number of dollars per hour. Note carefully that the pay rate is found by dividing the quantity earned by the time required to earn it. Time rates in general are found by dividing an accumulated quantity by the time required to accumulate it.

You need to make note of anything in the given solution that you didn't understand when you solved the problem. If new ideas have been introduced in the solution, you need to note them. If you notice an error in your own thinking then you need to note that. In your own words, explain anything you didn't already understand and save your response as Notes.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

confidence assessment: 3

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20:43:19

`q003.If you make $60,000 per year then how much do you make per month?

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RESPONSE -->

$60000/12months=$5000/month

confidence assessment: 3

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20:43:28

Most people will very quickly see that we need to divide $60,000 by 12 months, giving us 60,000 dollars / (12 months) = 5000 dollars / month. Note that again we have found a time rate, dividing the accumulated quantity by the time required to accumulate it.

You need to make note of anything in the given solution that you didn't understand when you solved the problem. If new ideas have been introduced in the solution, you need to note them. If you notice an error in your own thinking then you need to note that. In your own words, explain anything you didn't already understand and save your response as Notes.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

confidence assessment: 3

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20:44:00

`q004. Suppose that the $60,000 is made in a year by a small business. Would be more appropriate to say that the business makes $5000 per month, or that the business makes an average of $5000 per month?

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RESPONSE -->

Buisness makes an average of $5000 per month.

confidence assessment: 3

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20:44:08

Small businesses do not usually make the same amount of money every month. The amount made depends on the demand for the services or commodities provided by the business, and there are often seasonal fluctuations in addition to other market fluctuations. It is almost certain that a small business making $60,000 per year will make more than $5000 in some months and less than $5000 in others. Therefore it is much more appropriate to say that the business makes and average of $5000 per month.

You need to make note of anything in the given solution that you didn't understand when you solved the problem. If new ideas have been introduced in the solution, you need to note them. If you notice an error in your own thinking then you need to note that. In your own words, explain anything you didn't already understand and save your response as Notes.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

confidence assessment: 3

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20:44:44

`q005. If you travel 300 miles in 6 hours, at what average rate are you covering distance, and why do we say average rate instead of just plain rate?

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RESPONSE -->

300mi/6h=50mph

Average rate since your instantaneous rate may vary through the trip.

confidence assessment: 3

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20:45:01

The average rate is 50 miles per hour, or 50 miles / hour. This is obtained by dividing the accumulated quantity, the 300 miles, by the time required to accumulate it, obtaining ave rate = 300 miles / ( 6 hours) = 50 miles / hour. Note that the rate at which distance is covered is called speed. The car has an average speed of 50 miles/hour. We say 'average rate' in this case because it is almost certain that slight changes in pressure on the accelerator, traffic conditions and other factors ensure that the speed will sometimes be greater than 50 miles/hour and sometimes less than 50 miles/hour; the 50 miles/hour we obtain from the given information is clearly and overall average of the velocities.

You need to make note of anything in the given solution that you didn't understand when you solved the problem. If new ideas have been introduced in the solution, you need to note them. If you notice an error in your own thinking then you need to note that. In your own words, explain anything you didn't already understand and save your response as Notes.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

confidence assessment: 3

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20:46:30

`q006. If you use 60 gallons of gasoline on a 1200 mile trip, then at what average rate are you using gasoline, with respect to miles traveled?

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RESPONSE -->

60g/1200mi=0.05 gallons per mile

confidence assessment: 3

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20:50:22

The rate of change of one quantity with respect to another is the change in the first quantity, divided by the change in the second. As in previous examples, we found the rate at which money was made with respect to time by dividing the amount of money made by the time required to make it.

By analogy, the rate at which we use fuel with respect to miles traveled is the change in the amount of fuel divided by the number of miles traveled. In this case we use 60 gallons of fuel in 1200 miles, so the average rate it 60 gal / (1200 miles) = .05 gallons / mile.

Note that this question didn't ask for miles per gallon. Miles per gallon is an appropriate and common calculation, but it measures the rate at which miles are covered with respect to the amount of fuel used. Be sure you see the difference.

Note that in this problem we again have here an example of a rate, but unlike previous instances this rate is not calculated with respect to time. This rate is calculated with respect to the amount of fuel used. We divide the accumulated quantity, in this case miles, by the amount of fuel required to cover those miles. Note that again we call the result of this problem an average rate because there are always at least subtle differences in driving conditions that require the use of more fuel on some miles than on others.

It's very important to understand the phrase 'with respect to'. Whether the calculation makes sense or not, it is defined by the order of the terms.

In this case gallons / mile tells you how many gallons you are burning, on the average, per mile. This concept is not as familiar as miles / gallon, but except for familiarity it's technically no more difficult.

You need to make note of anything in the given solution that you didn't understand when you solved the problem. If new ideas have been introduced in the solution, you need to note them. If you notice an error in your own thinking then you need to note that. In your own words, explain anything you didn't already understand and save your response as Notes.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

confidence assessment: 3

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20:51:16

`q007. The word 'average' generally connotes something like adding two quantities and dividing by 2, or adding several quantities and dividing by the number of quantities we added. Why is it that we are calculating average rates but we aren't adding anything?

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RESPONSE -->

Because we are in effect summing the infinite slices of instantaneous rate and dividing by the total to achieve the average rate.

confidence assessment: 3

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20:51:38

The word 'average' in the context of the dollars / month, miles / gallon types of questions we have been answering was used because we expect that in different months different amounts were earned, or that over different parts of the trip the gas mileage might have varied, but that if we knew all the individual quantities (e.g., the dollars earned each month, the number of gallons used with each mile) and averaged them in the usual manner, we would get the .05 gallons / mile, or the $5000 / month. In a sense we have already added up all the dollars earned in each month, or the miles traveled on each gallon, and we have obtained the total $60,000 or 1200 miles. Thus when we divide by the number of months or the number of gallons, we are in fact calculating an average rate.

You need to make note of anything in the given solution that you didn't understand when you solved the problem. If new ideas have been introduced in the solution, you need to note them. If you notice an error in your own thinking then you need to note that. In your own words, explain anything you didn't already understand and save your response as Notes.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

confidence assessment: 3

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20:57:23

`q008. In a study of how lifting strength is influenced by various ways of training, a study group was divided into 2 subgroups of equally matched individuals. The first group did 10 pushups per day for a year and the second group did 50 pushups per day for year. At the end of the year to lifting strength of the first group averaged 147 pounds, while that of the second group averaged 162 pounds. At what average rate did lifting strength increase per daily pushup?

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RESPONSE -->

50PU/day-10PU/day=40PU/day

162lb-147lb=15lb

40PU/day*365days/year

14600PU/year

15lb/14600PU/year

0.001lb * year/PU

confidence assessment: 1

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20:58:24

The second group had 15 pounds more lifting strength as a result of doing 40 more daily pushups than the first. The desired rate is therefore 15 pounds / 40 pushups = .375 pounds / pushup.

You need to make note of anything in the given solution that you didn't understand when you solved the problem. If new ideas have been introduced in the solution, you need to note them. If you notice an error in your own thinking then you need to note that. In your own words, explain anything you didn't already understand and save your response as Notes.

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RESPONSE -->

I thought the rate requested was for the entire year (365 days). The rate in the answer shows the rate as if doing 40 more push ups in one day achieves 15 lbs of gain in a day.

confidence assessment: 2

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20:59:31

`q009. In another part of the study, participants all did 30 pushups per day, but one group did pushups with a 10-pound weight on their shoulders while the other used a 30-pound weight. At the end of the study, the first group had an average lifting strength of 171 pounds, while the second had an average lifting strength of 188 pounds. At what average rate did lifting strength increase with respect to the added shoulder weight?

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RESPONSE -->

188lb-171lb=17lb str gain

30lb-10lb=20lb weight

17lb str gain/20 lb weight=0.85 lb str gain/ lb weight

confidence assessment: 3

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20:59:38

The difference in lifting strength was 17 pounds, as a result of a 20 pound difference in added weight. The average rate at which strength increases with respect added weight would therefore be 17 lifting pounds / (20 added pounds) = .85 lifting pounds / added pound. The strength advantage was .85 lifting pounds per pound of added weight, on the average.

You need to make note of anything in the given solution that you didn't understand when you solved the problem. If new ideas have been introduced in the solution, you need to note them. If you notice an error in your own thinking then you need to note that. In your own words, explain anything you didn't already understand and save your response as Notes.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

confidence assessment: 3

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21:00:49

`q010. During a race, a runner passes the 100-meter mark 12 seconds after the start and the 200-meter mark 22 seconds after the start. At what average rate was the runner covering distance between those two positions?

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RESPONSE -->

1st leg 100m/12s=8.3m/s

2nd leg 200m/(22-12)s=20m/s

confidence assessment: 3

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21:01:58

The runner traveled 100 meters between the two positions, and required 10 seconds to do so. The average rate at which the runner was covering distance was therefore 100 meters / (10 seconds) = 10 meters / second. Again this is an average rate; at different positions in his stride the runner would clearly be traveling at slightly different speeds.

You need to make note of anything in the given solution that you didn't understand when you solved the problem. If new ideas have been introduced in the solution, you need to note them. If you notice an error in your own thinking then you need to note that. In your own words, explain anything you didn't already understand and save your response as Notes.

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RESPONSE -->

I understand how to calculate rate based on time but I either read the question incorrectly or the answer doesn't match the question.

D=RT

R=D/T

confidence assessment: 3

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21:03:19

`q011. During a race, a runner passes the 100-meter mark moving at 10 meters / second, and the 200-meter mark moving at 9 meters / second. What is your best estimate of how long it takes the runner to cover the 100 meter distance?

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RESPONSE -->

1st leg 100m / 10m/s = 10s

2nd leg 100m / 9m/s = 11.1s

confidence assessment: 3

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21:04:44

At 10 meters/sec, the runner would require 10 seconds to travel 100 meters. However the runner seems to be slowing, and will therefore require more than 10 seconds to travel the 100 meters. We don't know what the runner's average speed is, we only know that it goes from 10 m/s to 9 m/s. The simplest estimate we could make would be that the average speed is the average of 10 m/s and 9 m/s, or (10 m/s + 9 m/s ) / 2 = 9.5 m/s. Taking this approximation as the average rate, the time required to travel 100 meters will be (100 meters) / (9.5 m/s) = 10.5 sec, approx.. Note that simply averaging the 10 m/s and the 9 m/s might not be the best way to approximate the average rate--for example we if we knew enough about the situation we might expect that this runner would maintain the 10 m/s for most of the remaining 100 meters, and simply tire during the last few seconds. However we were not given this information, and we don't add extraneous assumptions without good cause. So the approximation we used here is pretty close to the best we can do with the given information.

You need to make note of anything in the given solution that you didn't understand when you solved the problem. If new ideas have been introduced in the solution, you need to note them. If you notice an error in your own thinking then you need to note that. In your own words, explain anything you didn't already understand and save your response as Notes.

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RESPONSE -->

The runner's rate is decreasing between the two points so his average rate will not be 10m/s as I assumed.

One way to estimate is to average the two sampled rates at 9.5m/s

confidence assessment: 3

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21:05:29

`q012. We just averaged two quantities, adding them in dividing by 2, to find an average rate. We didn't do that before. Why we do it now?

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RESPONSE -->

To figure out the average rate between two sample points of instanteous rate. The previous questions gave average rate in the question.

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

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21:05:51

In previous examples the quantities weren't rates. We were given the amount of change of some accumulating quantity, and the change in time or in some other quantity on which the first was dependent (e.g., dollars and months, miles and gallons). Here we are given 2 rates, 10 m/s and 9 m/s, in a situation where we need an average rate in order to answer a question. Within this context, averaging the 2 rates was an appropriate tactic.

You need to make note of anything in the given solution that you didn't understand when you solved the problem. If new ideas have been introduced in the solution, you need to note them. If you notice an error in your own thinking then you need to note that. In your own words, explain anything you didn't already understand and save your response as Notes.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Previous examples weren't rates got it.

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

jnnߦCn

assignment #001

001. Areas

qa areas volumes misc

01-19-2009

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21:07:09

`q001. There are 11 questions and 7 summary questions in this assignment.

What is the area of a rectangle whose dimensions are 4 m by 3 meters.

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RESPONSE -->

4m*3m=12m

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

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21:07:27

A 4 m by 3 m rectangle can be divided into 3 rows of 4 squares, each 1 meter on a side. This makes 3 * 4 = 12 such squares. Each 1 meter square has an area of 1 square meter, or 1 m^2. The total area of the rectangle is therefore 12 square meters, or 12 m^2.

The formula for the area of a rectangle is A = L * W, where L is the length and W the width of the rectangle. Applying this formula to the present problem we obtain area A = L * W = 4 m * 3 m = (4 * 3) ( m * m ) = 12 m^2.

Note the use of the unit m, standing for meters, in the entire calculation. Note that m * m = m^2.

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RESPONSE -->

Forgot m^2 (square meters for area)

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

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21:07:49

`q002. What is the area of a right triangle whose legs are 4.0 meters and 3.0 meters?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

4m*3m=12m^2/2=6m^2

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

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21:08:14

A right triangle can be joined along its hypotenuse with another identical right triangle to form a rectangle. In this case the rectangle would have dimensions 4.0 meters by 3.0 meters, and would be divided by any diagonal into two identical right triangles with legs of 4.0 meters and 3.0 meters.

The rectangle will have area A = L * W = 4.0 m * 3.0 m = 12 m^2, as explained in the preceding problem. Each of the two right triangles, since they are identical, will therefore have half this area, or 1/2 * 12 m^2 = 6.0 m^2.

The formula for the area of a right triangle with base b and altitude h is A = 1/2 * b * h.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok. Formula for area in right triangle is 1/2 * b *h.

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

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21:08:50

`q003. What is the area of a parallelogram whose base is 5.0 meters and whose altitude is 2.0 meters?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

5m*2m=10m^2

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:09:00

A parallelogram is easily rearranged into a rectangle by 'cutting off' the protruding end, turning that portion upside down and joining it to the other end. Hopefully you are familiar with this construction. In any case the resulting rectangle has sides equal to the base and the altitude so its area is A = b * h.

The present rectangle has area A = 5.0 m * 2.0 m = 10 m^2.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:09:42

`q004. What is the area of a triangle whose base is 5.0 cm and whose altitude is 2.0 cm?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

A = 1/2 * b * h

5cm*2cm * 1/2=5cm^2

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:09:48

It is possible to join any triangle with an identical copy of itself to construct a parallelogram whose base and altitude are equal to the base and altitude of the triangle. The area of the parallelogram is A = b * h, so the area of each of the two identical triangles formed by 'cutting' the parallelogram about the approriate diagonal is A = 1/2 * b * h. The area of the present triangle is therefore A = 1/2 * 5.0 cm * 2.0 cm = 1/2 * 10 cm^2 = 5.0 cm^2.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:12:33

`q005. What is the area of a trapezoid with a width of 4.0 km and average altitude of 5.0 km?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

4km*5km=20km^2

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:13:57

`q006. What is the area of a trapezoid whose width is 4 cm in whose altitudes are 3.0 cm and 8.0 cm?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

4cm*1/2*(8cm-3cm)

4cm*1/2*5cm

10cm^2

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:15:10

The area is equal to the product of the width and the average altitude. Average altitude is (3 cm + 8 cm) / 2 = 5.5 cm so the area of the trapezoid is A = 4 cm * 5.5 cm = 22 cm^2.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Isn't this backwards? How do you have an average ""altitude"" of a trapezoid. You can have an average width since there is a top and bottom width but the altitude is only one measurement.

I'm looking at http://www.mathopenref.com/trapezoidarea.html

self critique assessment: 1

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:16:11

`q007. What is the area of a circle whose radius is 3.00 cm?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

A=pi*r^2

3.14*(3cm)^2

28.26cm^2

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:16:55

The area of a circle is A = pi * r^2, where r is the radius. Thus

A = pi * (3 cm)^2 = 9 pi cm^2.

Note that the units are cm^2, since the cm unit is part r, which is squared.

The expression 9 pi cm^2 is exact. Any decimal equivalent is an approximation. Using the 3-significant-figure approximation pi = 3.14 we find that the approximate area is A = 9 pi cm^2 = 9 * 3.14 cm^2 = 28.26 cm^2, which we round to 28.3 cm^2 to match the number of significant figures in the given radius.

Be careful not to confuse the formula A = pi r^2, which gives area in square units, with the formula C = 2 pi r for the circumference. The latter gives a result which is in units of radius, rather than square units. Area is measured in square units; if you get an answer which is not in square units this tips you off to the fact that you've made an error somewhere.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Decimal equivalent of pi is approximation. Ok.

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:17:45

`q008. What is the circumference of a circle whose radius is exactly 3 cm?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

pi * 6cm

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:17:55

The circumference of this circle is

C = 2 pi r = 2 pi * 3 cm = 6 pi cm.

This is the exact area. An approximation to 3 significant figures is 6 * 3.14 cm = 18.84 cm.

Note that circumference is measured in the same units as radius, in this case cm, and not in cm^2. If your calculation gives you cm^2 then you know you've done something wrong.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:18:24

`q009. What is the area of a circle whose diameter is exactly 12 meters?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

A=pi*r^2

r=d/2

r=6m

36pi m^2

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:18:30

The area of a circle is A = pi r^2, where r is the radius. The radius of this circle is half the 12 m diameter, or 6 m. So the area is

A = pi ( 6 m )^2 = 36 pi m^2.

This result can be approximated to any desired accuracy by using a sufficient number of significant figures in our approximation of pi. For example using the 5-significant-figure approximation pi = 3.1416 we obtain A = 36 m^2 * 3.1416 = 113.09 m^2.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:19:08

`q010. What is the area of a circle whose circumference is 14 `pi meters?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

14 pi m = pi * 2r

14m = 2r

r=7m

A=pi*r^2

49 pi m^2

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:19:14

We know that A = pi r^2. We can find the area if we know the radius r. We therefore attempt to use the given information to find r.

We know that circumference and radius are related by C = 2 pi r. Solving for r we obtain r = C / (2 pi). In this case we find that

r = 14 pi m / (2 pi) = (14/2) * (pi/pi) m = 7 * 1 m = 7 m.

We use this to find the area

A = pi * (7 m)^2 = 49 pi m^2.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:20:25

`q011. What is the radius of circle whose area is 78 square meters?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

A=pi*r^2

78m^2=3.14*r^2

24.84m^2=r^2

sqrt(24.84m^2)=sqrt(r^2)

r=4.98m

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:20:38

Knowing that A = pi r^2 we solve for r. We first divide both sides by pi to obtain A / pi = r^2. We then reverse the sides and take the square root of both sides, obtaining r = sqrt( A / pi ).

Note that strictly speaking the solution to r^2 = A / pi is r = +-sqrt( A / pi ), meaning + sqrt( A / pi) or - sqrt(A / pi). However knowing that r and A are both positive quantities, we can reject the negative solution.

Now we substitute A = 78 m^2 to obtain

r = sqrt( 78 m^2 / pi) = sqrt(78 / pi) m.{}

Approximating this quantity to 2 significant figures we obtain r = 5.0 m.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:20:53

`q012. Summary Question 1: How do we visualize the area of a rectangle?

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RESPONSE -->

Length times width

confidence assessment: 2

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:21:00

We visualize the rectangle being covered by rows of 1-unit squares. We multiply the number of squares in a row by the number of rows. So the area is A = L * W.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:21:19

`q013. Summary Question 2: How do we visualize the area of a right triangle?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Half the area of a rectangle.

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:21:28

We visualize two identical right triangles being joined along their common hypotenuse to form a rectangle whose length is equal to the base of the triangle and whose width is equal to the altitude of the triangle. The area of the rectangle is b * h, so the area of each triangle is 1/2 * b * h.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:21:37

`q014. Summary Question 3: How do we calculate the area of a parallelogram?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

A=bh

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:21:44

The area of a parallelogram is equal to the product of its base and its altitude. The altitude is measured perpendicular to the base.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:22:12

`q015. Summary Question 4: How do we calculate the area of a trapezoid?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

A=alt*1/2(b1+b2)

OR

A=alt * avg b

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:22:41

We think of the trapezoid being oriented so that its two parallel sides are vertical, and we multiply the average altitude by the width.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok. Again terms seem to be backwards.

self critique assessment: 1

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:22:54

`q016. Summary Question 5: How do we calculate the area of a circle?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

A=pi*r^2

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:22:59

We use the formula A = pi r^2, where r is the radius of the circle.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:23:38

`q017. Summary Question 6: How do we calculate the circumference of a circle? How can we easily avoid confusing this formula with that for the area of the circle?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

C=pi*2r

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:25:49

We use the formula C = 2 pi r. The formula for the area involves r^2, which will give us squared units of the radius. Circumference is not measured in squared units.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:26:16

`q018. Explain how you have organized your knowledge of the principles illustrated by the exercises in this assignment.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

I wrote them down.

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

ɇ`Q

assignment #002

002. Volumes

qa areas volumes misc

01-19-2009

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:27:06

01-19-2009 21:27:06

`q001. There are 9 questions and 4 summary questions in this assignment.

What is the volume of a rectangular solid whose dimensions are exactly 3 cm by 5 cm by 7 cm?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

NOTES -------> 3cm*5cm*7cm=105cm^3

.................................................}¾yxҤaˈGx

assignment #002

002. Volumes

qa areas volumes misc

01-19-2009

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:27:31

`q001. There are 9 questions and 4 summary questions in this assignment.

What is the volume of a rectangular solid whose dimensions are exactly 3 cm by 5 cm by 7 cm?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

3cm*5cm*7cm=105cm^3

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:27:47

01-19-2009 21:27:47

If we orient this object so that its 3 cm dimension is its 'height', then it will be 'resting' on a rectangular base whose dimension are 5 cm by 7 cm. This base can be divided into 5 rows each consisting of 7 squares, each 1 meter by 1 meter. There will therefore be 5 * 7 = 35 such squares, showing us that the area of the base is 35 m^2.

Above each of these base squares the object rises to a distance of 3 meters, forming a small rectangular tower. Each such tower can be divided into 3 cubical blocks, each having dimension 1 meter by 1 meter by 1 meter. The volume of each 1-meter cube is 1 m * 1 m * 1 m = 1 m^3, also expressed as 1 cubic meter. So each small 'tower' has volume 3 m^3.

The object can be divided into 35 such 'towers'. So the total volume is 35 * 3 m^3 = 105 m^3.

This construction shows us why the volume of a rectangular solid is equal to the area of the base (in this example the 35 m^2 of the base) and the altitude (in this case 3 meters). The volume of any rectangular solid is therefore

V = A * h,

where A is the area of the base and h the altitude.

This is sometimes expressed as V = L * W * h, where L and W are the length and width of the base. However the relationship V = A * h applies to a much broader class of objects than just rectangular solids, and V = A * h is a more powerful idea than V = L * W * h. Remember both, but remember also that V = A * h is the more important.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

NOTES ------->

.......................................................!!!!!!!!...................................

21:28:33

If we orient this object so that its 3 cm dimension is its 'height', then it will be 'resting' on a rectangular base whose dimension are 5 cm by 7 cm. This base can be divided into 5 rows each consisting of 7 squares, each 1 meter by 1 meter. There will therefore be 5 * 7 = 35 such squares, showing us that the area of the base is 35 m^2.

Above each of these base squares the object rises to a distance of 3 meters, forming a small rectangular tower. Each such tower can be divided into 3 cubical blocks, each having dimension 1 meter by 1 meter by 1 meter. The volume of each 1-meter cube is 1 m * 1 m * 1 m = 1 m^3, also expressed as 1 cubic meter. So each small 'tower' has volume 3 m^3.

The object can be divided into 35 such 'towers'. So the total volume is 35 * 3 m^3 = 105 m^3.

This construction shows us why the volume of a rectangular solid is equal to the area of the base (in this example the 35 m^2 of the base) and the altitude (in this case 3 meters). The volume of any rectangular solid is therefore

V = A * h,

where A is the area of the base and h the altitude.

This is sometimes expressed as V = L * W * h, where L and W are the length and width of the base. However the relationship V = A * h applies to a much broader class of objects than just rectangular solids, and V = A * h is a more powerful idea than V = L * W * h. Remember both, but remember also that V = A * h is the more important.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

V=A*h. Ok.

self critique assessment: 2

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:28:57

`q002. What is the volume of a rectangular solid whose base area is 48 square meters and whose altitude is 2 meters?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

49m^2*2m=98m^3

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:29:20

Using the idea that V = A * h we find that the volume of this solid is

V = A * h = 48 m^2 * 2 m = 96 m^3.

Note that m * m^2 means m * (m * m) = m * m * m = m^2.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Misread the question, read 49 instead of 48.

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:30:35

`q003. What is the volume of a uniform cylinder whose base area is 20 square meters and whose altitude is 40 meters?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

20m^2*40m=800m^3

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:30:42

V = A * h applies to uniform cylinders as well as to rectangular solids. We are given the altitude h and the base area A so we conclude that

V = A * h = 20 m^2 * 40 m = 800 m^3.

The relationship V = A * h applies to any solid object whose cross-sectional area A is constant. This is the case for uniform cylinders and uniform prisms.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:31:33

`q004. What is the volume of a uniform cylinder whose base has radius 5 cm and whose altitude is 30 cm?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

A=pi*r^2

pi*(5cm)^2

25pi cm^2 * 30cm=750 pi cm^3

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:31:49

The cylinder is uniform, which means that its cross-sectional area is constant. So the relationship V = A * h applies.

The cross-sectional area A is the area of a circle of radius 5 cm, so we see that A = pi r^2 = pi ( 5 cm)^2 = 25 pi cm^2.

Since the altitude is 30 cm the volume is therefore

V = A * h = 25 pi cm^2 * 30 cm = 750 pi cm^3.

Note that the common formula for the volume of a uniform cylinder is V = pi r^2 h. However this is just an instance of the formula V = A * h, since the cross-sectional area A of the uniform cylinder is pi r^2. Rather than having to carry around the formula V = pi r^2 h, it's more efficient to remember V = A * h and to apply the well-known formula A = pi r^2 for the area of a circle.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:33:05

`q005. Estimate the dimensions of a metal can containing food. What is its volume, as indicated by your estimates?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Radius=1ft

Height=4ft

A=pi*r^2

A=1 pi ft^2 * 4ft = 4ft^3

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:33:56

People will commonly estimate the dimensions of a can of food in centimeters or in inches, though other units of measure are possible (e.g., millimeters, feet, meters, miles, km). Different cans have different dimensions, and your estimate will depend a lot on what can you are using.

A typical can might have a circular cross-section with diameter 3 inches and altitude 5 inches. This can would have volume V = A * h, where A is the area of the cross-section. The diameter of the cross-section is 3 inches so its radius will be 3/2 in.. The cross-sectional area is therefore A = pi r^2 = pi * (3/2 in)^2 = 9 pi / 4 in^2 and its volume is

V = A * h = (9 pi / 4) in^2 * 5 in = 45 pi / 4 in^3.

Approximating, this comes out to around 35 in^3.

Another can around the same size might have diameter 8 cm and height 14 cm, giving it cross-sectional area A = pi ( 4 cm)^2 = 16 pi cm^2 and volume V = A * h = 16 pi cm^2 * 14 cm = 224 pi cm^2.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

I thought since you said a can you put food in you meant a garbage can. Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:36:07

`q006. What is the volume of a pyramid whose base area is 50 square cm and whose altitude is 60 cm?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

V=Area*h*1/3

50cm^2*60cm*1/3=100cm^3

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:36:32

We can't use the V = A * h idea for a pyramid because the thing doesn't have a constant cross-sectional area--from base to apex the cross-sections get smaller and smaller. It turns out that there is a way to cut up and reassemble a pyramid to show that its volume is exactly 1/3 that of a rectangular solid with base area A and altitude h. Think of putting the pyramid in a box having the same altitude as the pyramid, with the base of the pyramid just covering the bottom of the box. The apex (the point) of the pyramid will just touch the top of the box. The pyramid occupies exactly 1/3 the volume of that box.

So the volume of the pyramid is V = 1/3 * A * h. The base area A is 30 cm^2 and the altitude is 60 cm so we have

V = 1/3 * 50 cm^2 * 60 cm = 1000 cm^3.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:38:00

`q007. What is the volume of a cone whose base area is 20 square meters and whose altitude is 9 meters?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

V=1/3 * pi * r^2 * h

V=1/3 * 20m^2 * 9m=60m^3

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:38:10

Just as the volume of a pyramid is 1/3 the volume of the 'box' that contains it, the volume of a cone is 1/3 the volume of the cylinder that contains it. Specifically, the cylinder that contains the cone has the base of the cone as its base and matches the altitude of the cone. So the volume of the cone is 1/3 A * h, where A is the area of the base and h is the altitude of the cone.

In this case the base area and altitude are given, so the volume of the cone is

V = 1/3 A * h = 1/3 * 20 m^2 * 9 m = 60 m^3.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:39:46

`q008. What is a volume of a sphere whose radius is 4 meters?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

V=4/3*pi*r^3

4/3*pi*(4m)^3

4/3*64m^3*pi

85.33 pi m^3

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:39:57

The volume of a sphere is V = 4/3 pi r^3, where r is the radius of the sphere. In this case r = 4 m so

V = 4/3 pi * (4 m)^3 = 4/3 pi * 4^3 m^3 = 256/3 pi m^3.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:41:13

`q009. What is the volume of a planet whose diameter is 14,000 km?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

V=4/3*pi*r^3

r=d/2

r=7000km

4/3*pi*(7000km)^3

4/3*pi*343000000000km^3

457333333333.33 pi km^3

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:41:26

The planet is presumably a sphere, so to the extent that this is so the volume of this planet is V = 4/3 pi r^3, where r is the radius of the planet. The diameter of the planet is 14,000 km so the radius is half this, or 7,000 km. It follows that the volume of the planet is

V = 4/3 pi r^3 = 4/3 pi * (7,000 km)^3 = 4/3 pi * 343,000,000,000 km^3 = 1,372,000,000,000 / 3 * pi km^3.

This result can be approximated to an appropriate number of significant figures.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:41:38

`q010. Summary Question 1: What basic principle do we apply to find the volume of a uniform cylinder of known dimensions?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

V=A*h

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:41:42

The principle is that when the cross-section of an object is constant, its volume is V = A * h, where A is the cross-sectional area and h the altitude. Altitude is measure perpendicular to the cross-section.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:41:56

`q011. Summary Question 2: What basic principle do we apply to find the volume of a pyramid or a cone?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

1/3*A*h

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:42:01

The volumes of these solids are each 1/3 the volume of the enclosing figure. Each volume can be expressed as V = 1/3 A * h, where A is the area of the base and h the altitude as measured perpendicular to the base.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment:

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:42:10

`q012. Summary Question 3: What is the formula for the volume of a sphere?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

V=4/3*pi*r^3

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:42:16

The volume of a sphere is V = 4/3 pi r^3, where r is the radius of the sphere.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:42:26

`q013. Explain how you have organized your knowledge of the principles illustrated by the exercises in this assignment.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

I wrote them down in my notes.

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

ի二[Gږ

assignment #003

003. Misc: Surface Area, Pythagorean Theorem, Density

qa areas volumes misc

01-19-2009

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:44:23

`q001. There are 10 questions and 5 summary questions in this assignment.

What is surface area of a rectangular solid whose dimensions are 3 meters by 4 meters by 6 meters?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

2*(3*4) + 2*(3*6) + 2*(4*6)

2*12+2*18+2*24

24+36+48

108m^2

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:44:31

A rectangular solid has six faces (top, bottom, front, back, left side, right side if you're facing it). The pairs top and bottom, right and left sides, and front-back have identical areas. This solid therefore has two faces with each of the following dimensions: 3 m by 4 m, 3 m by 6 m and 4 m by 6 m, areas 12 m^2, 18 m^2 and 24 m^2. Total area is 2 * 12 m^2 + 2 * 18 m^2 + 2 * 24 m^2 = 108 m^2.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:46:35

`q002. What is the surface area of the curved sides of a cylinder whose radius is five meters and whose altitude is 12 meters? If the cylinder is closed what is its total surface area?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

C=pi*d

SA=C*h

d=2r

d=10m

C=10 pi m

SA=10 pi m * 12m=120 pi m^2

closed:

A=pi*r^2

120pi m^2 + 2*(pi*(5m)^2)

120pi m^2 + 2*(25 pi m^2)

120 pi m^2 + 50 pi m^2=170 pi m^2

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:46:42

The circumference of this cylinder is 2 pi r = 2 pi * 5 m = 10 pi m. If the cylinder was cut by a straight line running up its curved face then unrolled it would form a rectangle whose length and width would be the altitude and the circumference. The area of the curved side is therefore

A = circumference * altitude = 10 pi m * 12 m = 120 pi m^2.

If the cylinder is closed then it has a top and a bottom, each a circle of radius 5 m with resulting area A = pi r^2 = pi * (5 m)^2 = 25 pi m^2. The total area would then be

total area = area of sides + 2 * area of base = 120 pi m^2 + 2 * 25 pi m^2 = 170 pi m^2.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:47:53

`q003. What is surface area of a sphere of diameter three cm?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

SA=4*pi*r^2

r=d/2

r=1.5cm

SA=4*pi*(1.5cm)^2

4*pi*2.25cm^2

9 pi cm^2

confidence assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:47:58

The surface area of a sphere of radius r is A = 4 pi r^2. This sphere has radius 3 cm / 2, and therefore has surface area

A = 4 pi r^2 = 4 pi * (3/2 cm)^2 = 9 pi cm^2.

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

.................................................

......!!!!!!!!...................................

21:48:51

`q004. What is hypotenuse of a right triangle whose legs are 5 meters and 9 meters?

......!!!!!!!!...................................

RESPONSE -->

c^2=a^2+b^2

5^2+9^2=c^2

25+81=c^2

sqrt(106)=sqrt(c^2)

c=10.3

confidence assessment: 2

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21:49:10

The Pythagorean Theorem says that the hypotenuse c of a right triangle with legs a and b satisfies the equation c^2 = a^2 + b^2. So, since all lengths are positive, we know that

c = sqrt(a^2 + b^2) = sqrt( (5 m)^2 + (9 m)^2 ) = sqrt( 25 m^2 + 81 m^2) = sqrt( 106 m^2 ) = 10.3 m, approx..

Note that this is not what we would get if we made the common error of assuming that sqrt(a^2 + b^2) = a + b; this would tell us that the hypotenuse is 14 m, which is emphatically not so. There is no justification whatsoever for applying a distributive law (like x * ( y + z) = x * y + x * z ) to the square root operator.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

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21:50:01

`q005. If the hypotenuse of a right triangle has length 6 meters and one of its legs has length 4 meters what is the length of the other leg?

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RESPONSE -->

a^2+b^2=c^2

4m+b^2=6m

sqrt(b^2)=sqrt(2m)

b=sqrt(2)m

confidence assessment: 3

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21:50:51

If c is the hypotenuse and a and b the legs, we know by the Pythagorean Theorem that c^2 = a^2 + b^2, so that a^2 = c^2 - b^2. Knowing the hypotenuse c = 6 m and the side b = 4 m we therefore find the unknown leg:

a = sqrt( c^2 - b^2) = sqrt( (6 m)^2 - (4 m)^2 ) = sqrt(36 m^2 - 16 m^2) = sqrt(20 m^2) = sqrt(20) * sqrt(m^2) = 2 sqrt(5) m,

or approximately 4.4 m.

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RESPONSE -->

I forgot to apply the square to 6 and 4 though the formula remains the same.

self critique assessment: 2

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21:51:45

`q006. If a rectangular solid made of a uniform, homogeneous material has dimensions 4 cm by 7 cm by 12 cm and if its mass is 700 grams then what is its density in grams per cubic cm?

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RESPONSE -->

700 grams / (4cm * 7cm * 12cm)

700 grams / 336 cm^3

2.08 g/cm^3

confidence assessment: 3

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21:52:07

The volume of this solid is 4 cm * 7 cm * 12 cm = 336 cm^3.

Its density in grams per cm^3 is the number of grams in each cm^3. We find this quantity by dividing the number of grams by the number of cm^3. We find that

density = 700 grams / (336 cm^3) = 2.06 grams / cm^3.

Note that the solid was said to be uniform and homogeneous, meaning that it's all made of the same material, which is uniformly distributed. So each cm^3 does indeed have a mass of 2.06 grams. Had we not known that the material was uniform and homogeneous we could have said that the average density is 2.06 grams / cm^3, but not that the density is 2.06 grams / cm^3 (the object could be made of two separate substances, one with density less than 2.06 grams / cm^3 and the other with density greater than 2.06 g / cm^3, in appropriate proportions; neither substance would have density 2.06 g / cm^3, but the average density could be 2.06 g / cm^3).

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

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21:53:42

`q007. What is the mass of a sphere of radius 4 meters if its average density is 3,000 kg/cubic meter?

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RESPONSE -->

V=4/3*pi*r^3

4/3*pi*(4m)^3

4/3*pi*64m^3

85.33 pi m^3

85.33 pi m^3 * 3000 kg/m^3=803,808.6 kg

confidence assessment: 3

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21:55:22

A average density of 3000 kg / cubic meter implies that, at least on the average, every cubic meter has a mass of 3000 kg. So to find the mass of the sphere we multiply the number of cubic meters by 3000 kg.

The volume of a sphere of radius 4 meters is 4/3 pi r^3 = 4/3 * pi (4m)^3 = 256/3 * pi m^3. So the mass of this sphere is

mass = density * volume = 256 / 3 * pi m^3 * 3000 kg / m^3 = 256,000 * pi kg.

This result can be approximated to an appropriate number of significant figures.

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RESPONSE -->

I multipled by 3.14 to remove pi in my answer.

self critique assessment: 2

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21:57:17

`q008. If we build a an object out of two pieces of material, one having a volume of 6 cm^3 at a density of 4 grams per cm^3 and another with a volume of 10 cm^3 at a density of 2 grams per cm^3 then what is the average density of this object?

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RESPONSE -->

6cm^2:10cm^3 = 3:5

(3*4g/cm^3+5*2g/cm^3)/8

(12+10)/8

22/8=2.75g/cm^3

confidence assessment: 2

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21:57:42

The first piece has a mass of 4 grams / cm^3 * 6 cm^3 = 24 grams. The second has a mass of 2 grams / cm^3 * 10 cm^3 = 20 grams. So the total mass is 24 grams + 20 grams = 44 grams.

The average density of this object is

average density = total mass / total volume = (24 grams + 20 grams) / (6 cm^3 + 10 cm^3) = 44 grams / (16 cm^3) = 2.75 grams / cm^3.

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RESPONSE -->

I solved this a little different using ratios.

self critique assessment: 2

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22:02:29

`q009. In a large box of dimension 2 meters by 3 meters by 5 meters we place 27 cubic meters of sand whose density is 2100 kg/cubic meter, surrounding a total of three cubic meters of cannon balls whose density is 8,000 kg per cubic meter. What is the average density of the material in the box?

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RESPONSE -->

box A=2m*3m*5m=30m^3

box weight = 0?

sand A = 27 m^3

sand D=2100 kg/m^3

cannon ball A=3 m^3

cannon ball D=8,000 kg/m^3

Total volume = 30 m^3

Total weight = 27m^3 * 2100 kg/m^3 + 3m^3 * 8000 kg/m^3

56700 kg + 24000 kg

80700 kg

Avg D = 80700 kg / 30 m^3 = 2690 kg/m^3

confidence assessment: 3

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22:02:40

We find the average density from the total mass and the total volume. The mass of the sand is 27 m^3 * 2100 kg / m^3 = 56,700 kg. The mass of the cannonballs is 3 m^3 * 8,000 kg / m^3 = 24,000 kg.

The average density is therefore

average density = total mass / total volume = (56,700 kg + 24,000 kg) / (27 m^3 + 3 m^3) = 80,700 kg / (30 m^3) = 2,700 kg / m^3, approx..

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

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22:05:48

`q010. How many cubic meters of oil are there in an oil slick which covers 1,700,000 square meters (between 1/2 and 1 square mile) to an average depth of .015 meters? If the density of the oil is 860 kg/cubic meter the what is the mass of the oil slick?

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RESPONSE -->

V=A*h

1,700,000m^2*.015m=25500m^3

860 kg/m^3 * 25,500m^3=21930000kg

confidence assessment: 3

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22:05:54

The volume of the slick is V = A * h, where A is the area of the slick and h the thickness. This is the same principle used to find the volume of a cylinder or a rectangular solid. We see that the volume is

V = A * h = 1,700,000 m^2 * .015 m = 25,500 m^3.

The mass of the slick is therefore

mass = density * volume = 860 kg / m^3 * 24,400 m^3 = 2,193,000 kg.

This result should be rounded according to the number of significant figures in the given information.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

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22:07:43

`q011. Summary Question 1: How do we find the surface area of a cylinder?

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RESPONSE -->

SA=(2*pi*r)*h+2(pi*r^2)

confidence assessment: 3

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22:07:51

The curved surface of the cylinder can be 'unrolled' to form a rectangle whose dimensions are equal to the circumference and the altitude of the cylinder, so the curved surface has volume

Acurved = circumference * altitude = 2 pi r * h, where r is the radius and h the altitude.

The top and bottom of the cylinder are both circles of radius r, each with resulting area pi r^2.

{]The total surface area is therefore

Acylinder = 2 pi r h + 2 pi r^2.

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RESPONSE -->

Ok

self critique assessment: 3

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22:08:02

`q012. Summary Question 2: What is the formula for the surface area of a sphere?

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RESPONSE -->

SA=4*pi*r^2

confidence assessment: 3

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22:08:06

The surface area of a sphere is

A = 4 pi r^2,

where r is the radius of the sphere.

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment: 3

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22:08:21

`q013. Summary Question 3: What is the meaning of the term 'density'.

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RESPONSE -->

mass / volume

confidence assessment: 3

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22:08:26

The average density of an object is its mass per unit of volume, calculated by dividing its total mass by its total volume. If the object is uniform and homogeneous then its density is constant and we can speak of its 'density' as opposed to its 'average density'

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RESPONSE -->

ok

self critique assessment: 3

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22:08:47

`q014. Summary Question 4: If we know average density and mass, how can we find volume?

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RESPONSE -->

density=mass/volume

volume=mass/density

confidence assessment: 3

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22:09:09

Since mass = ave density * volume, it follows by simple algebra that volume = mass / ave density.

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RESPONSE -->

Forgot average density vs density.

self critique assessment: 2

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Overall your work looks good so far.