#$&* course Math 152 9/16/2011 at 11:10 a.m. If your solution to stated problem does not match the given solution, you should self-critique per instructions at
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Given Solution:: ** Starting with 10! / [ 4! * (10-4) ! ], we replace (10 - 4) by 6 to get 10! / ( 4! * 6! ). Writing out the factorials our expression becomes 10 * 9 * 8 * 7 * 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 / [ ( 4 * 3 * 2 * 1) * ( 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1) ] . The numerator and denominator could be multiplied separatedly then divided out but it's easier and more instructive to divide out like terms. Dividing ( 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1) in the numerator by the same expression ( 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1) in the denominator leaves us 10 * 9 * 8 * 7 / (4 * 3 * 2 * 1). Every factor of the denominator divides into a number in the numerator without remainder: • Divide 4 in the denominator into 8 in the numerator, • divide 3 in the denominator into 9 in the numerator and • divide 2 in the denominator into 10 in the numerator and you end up with • 5 * 3 * 2 * 7 = 210. NOTE ON WHAT NOT TO DO: You could figure out that 10! = 3628800, and that 4! * 6! = 24 * 720 = 16480, then finally divide 3628800 by 16480. But that process would lose accuracy and be ridiculously long for an expression like 100 ! / ( 30! * 70!). For this calculation the numbers involved would be hundreds of digits long. Much better to simply divide out like factors until the denominator goes away, as it always will with expressions of this form. (form n ! / (r ! * (n - r)! ). ** &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK ------------------------------------------------ Self-critique Rating: question 11.2.31 (10th edition #25) 3 switches in a row; fund count prin to find # of possible settings YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY Your Solution: 3 switches that can be either turned on or off, so each switch has two optional settings: on or off Switch one: on or off = 2 Switch two: on or off = 2 Switch three: on or off = 2 Since each switch has two optional settings, we simply add them all together to give us a total of 6 settings. confidence rating #$&*: 3 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Given Solution:: ** There are two possible settings for the first switch, two for the second, two for the third. The setting of one switch is independent of the setting of any other switch so the fundamental counting principle holds. There are therefore 2 * 2 * 2 = 8 possible setting for the three switches. COMMON ERROR: There are six possible settings and I used fundamental counting principle : first choice 3 ways, second choice 2 ways and third choice 1 way or 3 times 2 times 1 equals 6 ways. INSTRUCTOR CRITIQUE: You're choosing states of the switches and there are only two states on each. No single choice has 3 possibilities. Also the setting of each switch is independent of the settings of the others, so the number of possibilities on one choice is independent of the number of possibilities on the other. Each of the 3 choices therefore has 2 possibilities. ** &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): ?????Wait, I used the fundamental counting principle and I only got 6. I reasoned since there were 3 switches, and each switch could either be on or off, that gave 2 settings for each switch, which would make a total of 6 settings. Could you re-explain how you came up with eight different ways????? ------------------------------------------------ Self-critique Rating:
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Given Solution:: ** The reason the principle doesn’t apply is that the Fund. Counting Principle requires that the events be independent. Here the state of one switch influences the state of its neighbors (neither neighbor can be the same as that switch). So the choices are not independent. The Fund. Counting Principle requires that the events be independent. Since this is not the case the principle does not apply. ** STUDENT QUESTION I thought for sure I had this right, but apparently I am confused. A switch is considered independent when it is concerned with the placement of the other switches. It is dependent if it is not concerned. These terms seem backward to me. INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE The given condition is that no two adjacent switches can be off. So for example if the first switch is off, the second switch cannot also be off. Or if the middle switch is off, neither of the other two can be off. Thus in some circumstances the state of one switch has an influence on the state of the other switches, meaning that its state is dependent on the state of the other switch, and the Fundamental Counting Principle does not apply. I believe that in this case, you did simply reverse the meanings of 'dependent' and 'independent'. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK ------------------------------------------------ Self-critique Rating: question 11.2.36 How many odd 3-digit #'s from the set {3, 4, 5}? YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY Your Solution: I used the fundamental counting principle and came up with 18. If we want to come up with an odd 3 digit number, we can reason that the first two digits of that number could be any one of the three numbers given (3, 4, or 5), since three options are given for each of the first two digits, we have 3 * 3. But since the three digit number has to be odd, we can automatically deduct the number 4 from the last digit, which only gives us 2 other options (3, or 5). So the first two digits of the number both have three options, while the last digit of the number only has two options: 3 * 3 * 2 = 18 confidence rating #$&*: 2 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Given Solution:: ** Using the box method, where in this case we draw three boxes and put one number in each: The 1st box can be filled with any of the three so the first number of possibilities is 3 The 2nd box can also be filled with any of the three so the second number of possibilities is 3 The last digit must be odd, so there are only 2 choices for the third box. By the Fundamental Counting Principle we therefore have 3*3*2=18 possible combinations. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK ------------------------------------------------ Self-critique Rating: question 11.2.56 (10th edition 50) 10 guitars, 4 cases, 6 amps, 3 processors; # possible setups YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY Your Solution: The setup consists of one of each guitar, case, amp, and processor. So instead of actually writing and listing out all the possible combinations, we can just take each of the numbers and multiply them together to get the solution: 10*4*6*3 = 720 confidence rating #$&*: 3 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Given Solution:: A setup consists of a guitar, a case, an amp and a processor. There are 10 choices for the guitar, 4 choices for the case, 6 choices for the amp and 3 choices for the processor. So by the Fundamental Counting Principle there are 10 * 4 * 6 * 3 = 720 possible setups. ** &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK You may add comments on any surprises or insights you experienced as a result of this assignment: &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): ------------------------------------------------ Self-critique Rating: " Self-critique (if necessary): ------------------------------------------------ Self-critique rating: " Self-critique (if necessary): ------------------------------------------------ Self-critique rating: #*&!