open query 16

#$&*

course MTH 163

If your solution to stated problem does not match the given solution, you should self-critique per instructions at http://vhcc2.vhcc.edu/dsmith/geninfo/labrynth_created_fall_05/levl1_22/levl2_81/file3_259.htm.

Your solution, attempt at solution. If you are unable to attempt a solution, give a phrase-by-phrase interpretation of the problem along with a statement of what you do or do not understand about it. This response should be given, based on the work you did in completing the assignment, before you look at the given solution.

016. `query 16

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Question: `qbehavior and source of exponential functions problem 1, perversions of laws of exponents

Why is the following erroneous: a^n * b^m = (ab) ^ (n*m)

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Your solution:

Because it does not equal that. You won’t get the same answer.

confidence rating #$&*: 2

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE: my example was (4^2)(5^3) did not equal 20^6

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT

** more generally a^n * b^n = a^(n+m), which usually does not equal (ab) ^ (n * m) **

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Question: `qWhy is the follow erroneous: a^(-n) = - a^n

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Your solution:

2^-3 does not equal -2^3.

confidence rating #$&*: 2

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE: 2^-3 is not equal to -2^3

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT:

** A more general counterexample: a^(-n) = 1 / a^n is positive when a is positive whereas -a^n is negative when a is

positive **

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Question: `qWhy is the following erroneous: a^n + a^m = a^(n+m)

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Your solution:

Because (5^3)+(5^4) is not equal to 5^7

confidence rating #$&*: 3

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE: (5^3)+(5^4) is not equal to 5^7

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT:

(5^3) * (5^4) = (5^7) since (5*5*5) * (5*5*5*5) = 5*5*5*5*5*5*5 = 5^7.

However (5^3) + (5^7) = 5*5*5 + 5*5*5*5*5 = 5*5*5( 1 + 5*5) = 5^3( 1 + 5^2), not 5^7.**

STUDENT QUESTION:

Why do you write it out as 5*5*5(1+5*5) = 5^3(1+5^2) and how did you get that from the original problem?

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE:

If you factor 5*5*5 out of 5*5*5 + 5*5*5*5*5 you get 5*5*5 ( 1 + 5*5).

If you aren't sure of why, multiply that product out:

5*5*5 ( 1 + 5*5) = 5*5*5*1 + 5*5*5 * 5*5 = 5*5*5 + 5*5*5*5*5.

The factorization used here can be generalized to prove that a^3 + a^4 is not equal to a^(3 + 4), and more generally that a^b + a^c is cannot be identified with a^(b + c).

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Your solution:

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE: Why is the following erroneous: a^0 = 0

4^0 is not equal to 0

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT:

** a^(-n) * a^n = 0 but neither a^(-n) nor a^n need equal zero **

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Question: `q Why is the following erroneous: a^n * a^m = a^(n*m).

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Your solution:

(4^7)(4^2) is not equal to 4^14

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE: (4^7)(4^2) is not equal to 4^14

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT:

Right. Generally a^n * a^m = a^(n+m), not a^(n*m).

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Question: `qproblem 2. Graph and describe

Give basic points and asymptote; y values corresponding to the basic points, ratio of these y values: y = 1200 (2^(.12 t)

)

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Your solution:

Points are(0,1200),(1,1304)

ratio is equal to 163/150

confidence rating #$&*: 1

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE

(0,1200),(1,1304)

negative x-axis

ratio=163/150

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT:

the precise ratio is 2^.12, which is probably pretty close to 163/150

STUDENT QUESTION:

Does it matter which form you write this ratio in?

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE:

If you're looking for an exact result then the fraction would be the most useful form.

If, as in most applications, you're dealing with approximate numbers in the first place, then the approximation is the more desirable form.

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Question: `qgive basic points and asymptote; y values corresponding to the basic points, ratio of these y values:

y = 400 ( 1.07 ) ^ t

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Your solution:

(0,400),(1,428)

1.07

confidence rating #$&*:2

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE

(0,400),(1,428)

Neg. x-axis

1.07 or 107/100 is ratio

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT: that ratio is correct and is of course equal to 1.07

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Question: `qgive basic points and asymptote; y values corresponding to the basic points, ratio of these y values:

y = 250 ( 1 - .12 ) ^ t

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Your solution:

(0,250),(1,220)

220 / 250 = .88.

confidence rating #$&*: 2

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE

The basic points are (0,250),(1,220)

The positive x-axis is the horizontal asymptote

The ratio of y values at the basic points is 220 / 250 = .88.

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT: Note also that the ratio .88 is equal to 1-.12; .88 is the growth factor and .12 is the

growth rate.

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Question: `qgive basic points and asymptote; y values corresponding to the basic points, ratio of these y values:

y = .04 ( .8 ) ^ t

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Your solution:

(0,.04),(1,.032)

.32 / .4 = .8.

confidence rating #$&*: 2

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Given Solution:

`aSTUDENT RESPONSE

(0,.04),(1,.032) are the basic points and the asymptote is the positive x-axis.

The ratio is .32 / .4 = .8.

The pattern is that the ratio is equal to b, where b is the base for the form y = A b ^ x.

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Question: `q problem 3. y = f(x) = 5 (1.27^x).

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Question: `qWhat is the ratio between the y values at x = 0 and at x = 1?

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Your solution:

5 * 1.27^1 / ( 5 * 1.27^0) = 1.27

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Given Solution:

`a** f(1) / f(0) = 5 * 1.27^1 / ( 5 * 1.27^0) = 1.27 **

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Question: `qWhat is the ratio between the y values at to x = 3.4 and x = 4.4?

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Your solution:

5 * 1.27^4.4 / ( 5 * 1.27 ^3.4) = 1.27

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Given Solution:

`a** f(4.4) / f(3.4) = 5 * 1.27^4.4 / ( 5 * 1.27 ^3.4) = 1.27. **

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Question: `qVerify that the ratio of y values is again the same for your own points where x differs by 1 unit.

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Your solution:

4.5 and 5.5

1.27

confidence rating #$&*: 1

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Given Solution:

`a** STUDENT RESPONSE: My points were 4.5 and 5.5, and the y ratio was again 1.27 **

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Question: `qWhat is the ratio of y values when x values are separated by two units?

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Your solution:

1.27^(x+2) / 1.27^x = 1.27^(x+2 - x) = 1.27^2

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Given Solution:

`a** If x values are separated by 2 units then the ratio is 1.27^(x+2) / 1.27^x = 1.27^(x+2 - x) = 1.27^2 = 1.61 approx.

**

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Question: `q problem 4. Ratio of y values at x = x1 and x = x1+1

What does your result tell you about how the ratio depends on the x value x1?

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Your solution:

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Given Solution:

`a** If y = A b^x then the value at x1 is A b^x1 and the value at x1 + 1 is A b ^(x1 + 1). The ratio of these values is

A b^(x1+1) / A b^x1 = b^(x1 + 1 - x1) = b^1 = b.

The ratio should have been b, where b is the base in the form y = A b^x. This is the same as in all previous examples,

which shows that there is no dependence on x1. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

I ddin’t get this one as well. But now that I look at the given solution, I sort of understand. I’m going to practice this one more and makeanother attempt.

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Question: `qproblem 5. y = 3 (2 ^ (.3 x) ).

What is the ratio of the two basic-point y values?

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Your solution:

3 (2^.(3*0) ) = 3

3(2^(.3 *1) ) = 3 * 2^.3 = 3.693

The ratio of these values is 3.693 / 3 = 1.231

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Given Solution:

`a** The basic points are the x = 0 and x = 1 points. The corresponding y values are 3(2^.(3*0) ) = 3 and 3(2^(.3 *1) )

= 3 * 2^.3 = 3.69 approx.

The ratio of these values is 3.69 / 3 = 1.23. **

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Question: `qWhat is the y = A b^x form of this function?

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Your solution:

y=3*1.231^x

confidence rating #$&*: 1

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Given Solution:

`a** 3 (2 ^ (.3 x) ) = 3 (2^.3)x = 3 * 1.231^x, approx.

This is in the form y = A b^x for A = 3 and b = 1.23. **

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Question: `qWhat does the value of 2 ^ .3 have to do with this situation?

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Your solution:

It is the b value.

confidence rating #$&*: 2

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Given Solution:

`a** CORRECT STUDENT RESPONSE: this is the b value in the form y = A b^x. **

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Question: `qproblem 6 P(n+1) = (1+r) P(n), with r = .1 and P(0) = $1000.

What are P(1), P(2), ..., P(5)?

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Your solution:

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Given Solution:

`a** If n = 0 we get

P(0 + 1) = (1 + .1) * P(0), or P(1) = 1.1 * P(0). Since P(0) = $1000 we have P(1) = 1.1 * $1000 = $1100.

If n = 1 we get

P(1 + 1) = (1 + .1) * P(1), or P(2) = 1.1 * P(1). Since P(1) = $1000 we have P(2) = 1.1 * $1100 = $1210.

If n = 2 we get

P(2 + 1) = (1 + .1) * P(2), or P(3) = 1.1 * P(2). Since P(2) = $1000 we have P(3) = 1.1 * $1210 = $1331.

If n = 3 we get

P(3 + 1) = (1 + .1) * P(3), or P(4) = 1.1 * P(3). Since P(3) = $1000 we have P(4) = 1.1 * $1331 = $1464/1.

If n = 4 we get

P(4 + 1) = (1 + .1) * P(4), or P(5) = 1.1 * P(4). Since P(4) = $1000 we have P(5) = 1.1 * $1464.1 = $1610.51. **

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Question: `qproblem 8. Q(n+1) = .85 Q(n), Q(0) = 400.

What are Q(n) for n = 1, 2, 3 and 4 /

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Your solution:

.85 * 400 = 340.

.85 * 340 = 289.

.85 * 400 = 245.65.

.85 * 400 = 208.803.

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Given Solution:

`a** For n = 0 we have Q(0 + 1) = .85 Q(0) so Q(1) = .85 * 400 = 340.

For n = 1 we have Q(1 + 1) = .85 Q(1) so Q(2) = .85 * 340 = 289.

For n = 2 we have Q(2 + 1) = .85 Q(2) so Q(3) = .85 * 400 = 245.65.

For n = 3 we have Q(3 + 1) = .85 Q(3) so Q(4) = .85 * 400 = 208.803. **

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Question: `qWhat is the growth rate for this equation?

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Your solution:

.85 - 1 = -.15

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Given Solution:

`a** The growth factor is .85, which is 1 + growth rate. It follows that the growth rate is .85 - 1 = -.15 **

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Question: `qproblem 9. interest rate 12%, initial principle $2000.

What is your difference equation?

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Your solution:

P(n+1)=(1+.12)P(n)

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Given Solution:

`a** The growth rate is 12% = .12

The growth factor is therefore 1 + .12 and the difference equation is

P(n+1)=(1+.12)P(n), P(0)=2000. **

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Question: `qHow did you use your difference equation to find the principle after 1, 2, 3 and 4 years and what

did you get?

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Your solution:

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Given Solution:

`a** STUDENT RESPONSE

P(0+1)=(1+.12)2000 and so on up to P(4) was found.

P1=2240

P2=2508.8

P3=2809.856

P4=3147.03872 **

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Question: `qproblem 11. Texcess(t) = 50 (.97 ^ t).

What is your estimate of the time required to fall to 1/8 of the original value?

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Your solution:

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Given Solution:

`a** The original value takes place at t = 0 and is Texcess(0) = 50 * .97^0 = 50.

1/8 of the original value is therefore 1/8 * 50 = 6.25.

You have to find t such that 50 * .97^t = 6.25. Dividing both sides by 50 you get

.97^t = 6.25 / 50 or

.97^t = .125.

Use trial and error to find t:

Try t = 10: .97^10 = .74 approx. That's too high.

Try t = 100: .97^100 = .04 approx. That's too low.

So try a number between 10 and 100, probably closer to 100.

Try 70: .97^70 = .118. Lucky guess. That's close to .125 but a little low.

{Try 65: .97^65 = .138. Too high.

Try a number between 65 and 70, closer to 70 but not too much closer.

Try 68: .97^68 = .126. That's good to the nearest whole number.

The process could be continued and refined to get more accurate values of t. **

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Question: `qWhat are your ratios of temperature excess to average rate, and are they nearly constant?

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Your solution:

They are all around 32.

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Given Solution:

`a** If the function is 50 (.97^t) then at t = 0, 17, 34, 51, 68 we have function values

• temp excesses: 50, 29.79130219, 17.75043372, 10.57617070, 6.301557949

and average rates of change

• ave rates: -1.18756929, -0.7082863803, -0.4220154719, -0.2514478090, -0.1498191533.

On the corresponding trapezoidal graph of temperature excess vs. clock time we have four trapezoids, and their slopes correspond to the average rates of change.

The 'altitudes' of the trapezoids correspond to the temperature excesses.

• Each trapezoid has a single slope, but two 'altitudes', corresponding to the fact that each interval has two temperature excesses but only a single average rate.

• To calculate the desired ratio for an interval, we need a single value of the temperature excess to compare with the single rate.

• Rather than using either of the two temp excesses or 'altitudes', it's more appropriate to use their average.

The four trapezoids have 'average altitudes' 39.89565109, 23.77086796, 14.16330221, 8.438864327, each corresponding to the average of the initial and final 'tempearture excesses' on the associated interval.

Ratio of temp excess to ave rate, using 'average altitudes' as temp excess, are therefore 39.9 / (-1.19), 23.8 / (-.708), 14.2 / (-.422), 8.44 / (-.251).

These quantities vary slightly but all are close to the same value around 33. **

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Question: `qWhat are your estimates of the times required to fall to half of the three values?

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Your solution:

I don’t understand.

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Given Solution:

`a** STUDENT RESPONSE: The temperature falls to 50/2 = 25 at t = 22.75.

The temperature falls to 25/2 = 12.5 at t = 45.51

The temperature falls to 12.5/2 = 6.25 at t = 68.26.

The time interval required for each subsequent fall is very close to 22.75, demonstrating that the half-life is constant. **

STUDENT QUESTION

I don’t understand how to get the t values.

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE

You evaluate the function

Texcess(t) = 50 (.97 ^ t)

at various values of t until you find the result you're looking for.

For example the temperature falls to 25/2 = 12.5 at some value of t. You can plug in t = 10 but the result will be greater than 12.5. You could plug in higher values of t until you find a result that's lower than 12.5. Then you can keep trying numbers in between until you find a t value that gets you reasonably close to T = 12.5. That occurs around t = 45.51.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

How do I get t values?

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Question: `qGive the original and the simplified equation to determine the time required for Texcess to fall to half

its original value.

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Your solution:

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Given Solution:

`a** Texcess has an original value at t = 0, which gives us Texcess(0) = 50 * .97^0 = 50. Half its original value is

therefore 25.

So our equation is

25 = 50 * .97^t.

This equation is simplified by dividing both sides by 50 to get

.97^t = 1/2. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

Not sure about this one. How do I simplify?

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Self-critique rating:

@& You simplify

25 = 50 * .97^t

by dividing both sides by 50.*@

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Question: `qproblem 12. Texcess(t) = 50(.97^t), room temperature {{ 25 if you used Celsius and 75 if you

used Farenheit in your observations

What function Temp(t) gives temperature as a function of time?

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Your solution: Temperature=50(.97^t)+75

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Given Solution:

`a** Using 75 for room temperature and realizing that temperature is room temperature + temperature excess we obtain

the function

Temp(t)=50(.97^t)+75.**

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Question: `qIdentify the values of A, b and c in the generalized form y = A b^x + c.

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Your solution:

A = 50, b = .97 and c = 75

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Given Solution:

`a** Since the function is Temp(t) = 50(.97^t)+75 , the y = A b^x + c has y = Temp(t), A = 50, b = .97 and c = 75. **

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Question: `qproblem 14. Antiobiotic removal, 40 mg/hour when there are 200 milligrams present

At what rate would antibiotic be removed when there are 70 milligrams present?

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Your solution:

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Given Solution:

`a** If the rate of removal is directly proportional the quantity present then we have

y = k x

where y is the rate of removal and x the amount present.

Since y = 40 when x = 200 we have

40 = k * 200 so that

k = 40/200 = .2.

Thus y = .2 x.

If x = 70 then we have

y = .2 * 70 = 14.

When there are 70 mg present the rate of removal is 14 mg/hr. **

Add comments on any surprises or insights you experienced as a result of this assignment.

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&#This looks good. See my notes. Let me know if you have any questions. &#