Assignment - 5

course Mth163

This was originally submitted on Sunday, June 14, 2009. I have not received a response back so I am resubmitting.

If your solution to stated problem does not match the given solution, you should self-critique per instructions at

http://vhcc2.vhcc.edu/dsmith/geninfo/labrynth_created_fall_05/levl1_22/levl2_81/file3_259.htm

.

Your solution, attempt at solution. If you are unable to attempt a solution, give a phrase-by-phrase interpretation of the problem along with a statement of what you do or do not understand about it. This response should be given, based on the work you did in completing the assignment, before you look at the given solution.

005.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

Self-critique Rating:

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Question: `q001. Note that this assignment has 8 questions

Evaluate the function y = x^2 for x values -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, and 3. What are your y values?

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Your solution:

By substituting the x values into above equation we come up with the y values.

y = x^2 x = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

y = -3^2 = 9

y = -2^2 = 4

y = -1^2 = 1

y = 0^2 = 0

y = 1^2 = 1

y = 2^2 = 4

y = 3^2 = 9

Confidence Assessment: positive

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

You should have obtained y values 9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, in that order.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

Self-critique Rating:

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Question: `q002. Evaluate the function y = 2^x for x values -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, and 3. What are your y values?

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Your solution:

Again we substitute the x values in the above equation to get y value.

y = 2^x x = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

y = 2^-3 = ½^3 = 1/8

y = 2^-2 = ½^2 = ¼

y = 2^-1 = ½^-1 = ½

y = 2^0 = 1

y = 2^1 = 2

y = 2^2 = 4

y = 2^3 = 8

Confidence Assessment:

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

By velocity exponents, b^-x = 1 / b^x. So for example 2^-2 = 1 / 2^2 = 1/4. Your y values will be 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, 4 and 8. Note that we have used the fact that for any b, b^0 = 1. It is a common error to say that 2^0 is 0. Note that this error would interfere with the pattern or progression of the y values.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

Self-critique Rating:

*********************************************

Question: `q003. Evaluate the function y = x^-2 for x values -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, and 3. What are your y values?

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Your solution:

y = x^-2 substitute x values of -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

y = (-3)^-2 = 1/-3^2 = 1/9

y = (-2)^-2 = 1/-2^2 = 4

y = (-1)^-2 = 1/-1^2 = 1/1 = 1

y = 0^-2 = 1/0^2 = division by zero is not stated

y = 1^-2 = 1/1^2 = 1/1 = 1

y = 2^-2 = ½^2 = ¼

y = 3^-2 = 1/3^2 = 1/9

Confidence Assessment: positive

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Given Solution:

By the laws of exponents, x^-p = 1 / x^p. So x^-2 = 1 / x^2, and your x values should be 1/9, 1/4, and 1. Since 1 / 0^2 = 1 / 0 and division by zero is not defined, the x = 0 value is undefined. The last three values will be 1, 1/4, and 1/9.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

Self-critique Rating:

*********************************************

Question: `q004. Evaluate the function y = x^3 for x values -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, and 3. What are your y values?

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Your solution:

Valuate y for function y = x^3 x = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

Rules are to do exponents before the (-)

y = (-3)^3 = -27

y = (-2)^3 = -8

y = (-1)^3 = -1

y = 0^3 = 0

y = 1^3 = 1

y = 2^3 = 8

y = 3^3 = 27

Confidence Assessment: positive

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

The y values should be -27, -8, -1, 0, 1, 4, 9.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok, you have a error in your answer saying y = 3^3 = 9 when it is 27

also 2^3 = 8, not 4

Self-critique Rating:

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Question: `q005. Sketch graphs for y = x^2, y = 2^x, y = x^-2 and y = x^3, using the values you obtained in the preceding four problems. Describe the graph of each function.

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Your solution:

y = x^2, this is a parabola, it is symmetric with a vertex

y = 2^x, this is a exponential graph, it is not symmetric, this line is called a horizontal asymptote because it will come closes and closer without touching the x axis.

y = x^-2, this is a vertical asymptote, both sides of the x axis is increasing to the y axis.

y = x^3 the graph increases slowly to the 0 point from the negative side and continues to increase on the positive but showing a rate of increase.

Confidence Assessment: unsure

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Given Solution:

The graph of y = x^2 is a parabola with its vertex at the origin. It is worth noting that the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. That is, the graph to the left of the y-axis is a mirror image of the graph to the right of the y-axis.

The graph of y = 2^x begins at x = -3 with value 1/8, which is relatively close to zero. The graph therefore starts to the left, close to the x-axis. With each succeeding unit of x, with x moving to the right, the y value doubles. This causes the graph to rise more and more quickly as we move from left to right. The graph intercepts the y-axis at y = 1.

The graph of y = x^-2 rises more and more rapidly as we approach the y-axis from the left. It might not be clear from the values obtained here that this progression continues, with the y values increasing beyond bound, but this is the case. This behavior is mirrored on the other side of the y-axis, so that the graph rises as we approach the y-axis from either side. In fact the graph rises without bound as we approach the y-axis from either side. The y-axis is therefore a vertical asymptote for this graph.

The graph of y = x ^ 3 has negative y values whenever x is negative and positive y values whenever x is positive. As we approach x = 0 from the left, through negative x values, the y values increase toward zero, but the rate of increase slows so that the graph actually levels off for an instant at the point (0,0) before beginning to increase again. To the right of x = 0 the graph increases faster and faster.

Be sure to note whether your graph had all these characteristics, and whether your description included these characteristics. Note also any characteristics included in your description that were not included here.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

y = x^2 – graph on the left of y axis is mirrored to the y axis on the right.

y = 2^x – how close it starts to zero, x moves to right 1 unit and y value doubles causing to rise more and more quickly as we move right, where the graph intercepts y axis

y = x^-2 – graph mirrored on both sides,

Self-critique Rating:

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Question: `q006. Make a table for y = x^2 + 3, using x values -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3. How do the y values on the table compare to the y values on the table for y = x^2? How does the graph of y = x^2 + 3 compare to the graph of y = x^2?

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Your solution:

The y values for y = x^2 + 3 are: 12, 7, 4, 3, 4, 7, 12

These values have a rise of three as compared to the y values of y = x^3.

Both graphs are a parabola with y = x^2 + 3 stretching up three units from each point.

Confidence Assessment:

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

A list of the y values will include, in order, y = 12, 7, 4, 3, 4, 7, 12.

A list for y = x^2 would include, in order, y = 9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9.

The values for y = x^2 + 3 are each 3 units greater than those for the function y = x^2.

The graph of y = x^2 + 3 therefore lies 3 units higher at each point than the graph of y = x^2.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

Self-critique Rating:

*********************************************

Question: `q007. Make a table for y = (x -1)^3, using x values -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3. How did the values on the table compare to the values on the table for y = x^3? Describe the relationship between the graph of y = (x -1)^3 and y = x^3.

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Your solution:

values are y = -64, -27, -8, -1, 0, 1, 8

the values of y for y = x^3 are: -27, -8, -1, 0, 1, 8, 27

The values of y = (x-1)^3 has a horizontal shift of I unit and the graph also shifts 1 unit to the right.

Confidence Assessment: mostly

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Given Solution:

The values you obtained should have been -64, -27, -8, -1, 0, 1, 8.

The values for y = x^3 are -27, -8, -1, 0, 1, 8, 27.

The values of y = (x-1)^3 are shifted 1 position to the right relative to the values of y = x^3. The graph of y = (x-1)^3 is similarly shifted 1 unit to the right of the graph of y = x^3.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

Self-critique Rating:

*********************************************

Question: `q008. Make a table for y = 3 * 2^x, using x values -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3. How do the values on the table compare to the values on the table for y = 2^x? Describe the relationship between the graph of y = 3 * 2^x and y = 2^x.

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Your solution:

the y values for y = 3*2^x are 3/3, ¾, 3/2, 3, 6, 12, 24 these values are three times as great as the y = 2^x

the values for y in y = 2^x are: 1/8, ¼, ½, 1, 2, 4, 8

The graphs are similar with the y = 3*2^3 graph being three times as great as the y = 2^x on each point.

Confidence Assessment: positive

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

You should have obtained y values 3/8, 3/4, 3/2, 3, 6, 12 and 24.

Comparing these with the values 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8 of the function y = 2^x we see that the values are each 3 times as great.

The graph of y = 3 * 2^x has an overall shape similar to that of y = 2^x, but each point lies 3 times as far from the x-axis. It is also worth noting that at every point the graph of y = 3 * 2^x is three times as the past that of y = 2^x.

005. `query 5

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Question: `qquery introduction to basic function families problem 1 on basic graphs

Why is the graph of y = x a straight line?

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Your solution:

Because y = x with a being a slope that stays the same you get a straight line.

Confidence Assessment: mostly

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Given Solution:

** Since y = x the rise and run between any two points on the graph are equal, which makes the slope 1. A graph with constant slope is a straight line. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

two points that are equal by rise over run giving a slope of 1

Self-critique Rating:

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Question: `qwhy is y = x^2 symmetric about x = 0 (i.e., taking the same values on either side of x = 0)

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Your solution:

Because any negative x’s will end up with a positive result, thus forming a parabola with the left and right side mirrored to each other.

Confidence Assessment: mostly

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Given Solution:

** The graph of y = x^2 is symmetric about x = 0 because (-x)^2 = x^2. Thus for any point on the x axis the y values at that point and at the point on the opposite side of the origin are equal, so that the graph on one side of the y axis is a 'reflection' of the graph on the other side. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

Self-critique Rating:

*********************************************

Question: `qwhy does y = 2^x keep increasing as x increases, and why does the graph approache the x axis for negative values of x

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Your solution:

y = 2^x keeps increasing as x increases because it is 2 times the exponent and it increases to the x axis because the negative exponent reverts to a positive in a fraction form putting the points increasing closer to the x axis.

Confidence Assessment: mostly

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

** GOOD STUDENT RESPONSE: y = 2^x will increase as x increases on the positive side because x is the value of the exponent. This will cause the y value to double from its last value when you move one unit in the positive x direction.

On the negative side of the y axis y = 2^x will approach the x axis because a negative exponent causes the value to invert into a fractional value of itself--i.e., 2^(-x) = 1 / 2^x. As we move one unit at a time negatively the value will become one half of the previous value so it will never quite reach y = 0. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

note it will never reach y = 0

Self-critique Rating:

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Question: `qwhy is y = x^3 antisymmetric about x = 0 (i.e., taking the same values except for the - sign on opposite sides of x = 0)

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Your solution:

Any value of x that is negative will end up as negative in y = x^3, and any value of x that is positive will end up positive in this same equation. This giving you a graph of one side up in the positive and one side down to the negative.

Confidence Assessment: mostly

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

** y = x^3 is antisymmetric because if you cube a negative number you get a negative, if you cube a positive number you get a positive, and the magnitude of the cubed number is the cube of the magnitude of the number. So for example (-3)^2 = -27 and 3^3 = 27; the points (-3, -27) and (3, 37) are antisymmetric, one being `down' while the other is `up'.

GOOD STUDENT RESPONSE: y = x^3 is antisymmetric about x = 0 because the exponent is an odd number. This will cause negative x values to have a negative y result. The absolute value of the negative y result will be equivalent to its corresponding positive y value. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

Self-critique Rating:

*********************************************

Question: `qwhy do y = x^-2 and y = x^-3 rise more and more steeply as x approaches 0, and why do their graphs approach the x axis as we move away from the y axis.

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Your solution:

when x is negative to a negative exponent it is reverted to a fraction and ends up positive with the fraction getting bigger thus getting closer to the x axis, and as a positive x to the negative exponent it is also reverted to a fraction giving a positive result increasing as the fraction increases.

Confidence Assessment: mostly

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

** And as x approaches 0 the expressions x^-2 and x^-3, which mean 1 / x^2 and 1 / x^3, have smaller and smaller denominators. As the denominators approach zero their reciprocals grow beyond all bound.

y = x^-2 and y = x^-3 rise more and more steeply as x approaches zero because they have negative exponents they become fractions of positive expressions x^2 and x^3 respectively which have less and less slope as they approach zero. As x^2 and x^3 approach zero and become fractional, x^-2 and x^-3 begin to increase more and more rapidly because thier functions are then a whole number; (1) being divided by a fraction in which the denominator is increasing at an increasing rate.

As y = x^-2 and y = x^-3 move away from the y-axis they approach the x-axis because they have negative exponents. This makes them eqivalent to a fraction of 1 / x^2 or 1 / x^3. As x^2 and x^3 increase in absolute value, the values of y = x^-2 and y = x^-3 constantly close in on the x-axis by becoming a portion of the remaining distance closer, they will never reach x = zero though as this would be division by zero (since it is a fraction) **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

Self-critique Rating:

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Question: `qquery problem 2. family y = x^2 + c

Explain why the family has a series of identical parabolas, each 1 unit higher than the one below it.

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Your solution:

The c represents the vertical shift and if the c increases by 1 unit so does the graph, giving us identical parabolas with 1 unit in between each of them.

Confidence Assessment: mostly

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

** GOOD STUDENT RESPONSE: The graph of y = x^2 + c, with c varying from -5 to 4 is a series of identical parabolas each 1 unit higher than the one below it. The c value in the quadratic equation has a direct impact on the vertical shift. The vertex of the graph will be shifted vertically by the amount of the c value, so every time c increases by 1 the graph is raised 1 unit. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

ok

Self-critique Rating:

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Question: `qquery problem 4. describe the graph of the exponential family y = A * 2^x for the values A = -3 to 3.

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Your solution:

a represents the vertical stretch, the graph y = 2^x will be stretched -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3.

The graph is an asymptotic because it gets closer to the x axis but never touches.

Confidence Assessment: unsure

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Given Solution:

** This family includes the functions y = -3 * 2^x, y = -2 * 2^x, y = -1 * 2^x, y = 0 * 2^x, y = 1 * 2^x, y = 2 * 2^2 and y = 3 * 2^x. Each function is obtained by vertically stretching the y = 2^x function.

y = -3 * 2^x, y = -2 * 2^x, y = -1 * 2^x all vertically stretch y = 2^x by a negative factor, so the graphs all lie below the x axis, asymptotic to the negative x axis and approaching negative infinity for positive x. They pass thru the y axis as the respective values y = -3, y = -2, y = -1.

y = 1 * 2^x, y = 2 * 2^x, y = 3 * 2^x all vertically stretch y = 2^x by a positive factor, so the graphs all lie above the x axis, asymptotic to the negative x axis and approaching positive infinity for positive x. They pass thru the y axis as the respective values y = 1, y = 2, y = 3.

y = 0 * 2^x is just y = 0, the x axis.

Of course the functions for fractional values are also included (e.g., y = -2.374 * 2^x) but only the integer-valued functions need to be included in order to get a picture of the behavior of the family. **

STUDENT QUESTION: Ok, it was A = -3 to 3. I understand how to substitute these values into y = A * 2^x. I knew that is was an asymptote, but I'm a little confused as to how to graph the asymptote.

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE: For each value of A you have a different function. For A = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3you have seven different functions, so you will get 7 different graphs.

Each graph will contain the points for all values of x. For example the A = -3 function is y = -3 * 2^x. This function has basic points (0, -3) and (1, -6). As x takes on the negative values -1, -2, -3, etc., the y values will be -1.5, -.75, -.375, etc.. As x continues through negative values the y values will approach zero. This makes the y axis a horizontal asymptote for the function.

You should figure out the x = 0 and x = 1 values for every one of these seven functions, and you should be sure you understand why each function approaches the negative x axis as an asymptote. *&*&

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Self-critique (if necessary):

Lies below the x axis because of negative factor and passes through y axis at -3, -2, -1.

Lies above the x axis due to the positive factor, and passes through the y axis at 1, 2, 3

Self-critique Rating:

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Question: `qdescribe the graph of the exponential family y = 2^x + c for the values c = -3 to 3.

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Your solution:

c represents the vertical shift for each graph giving you a positive shift of 1, 2, & 3 units upward and a vertical shift down at -1, -2, -3 units for each graph.

Confidence Assessment: positive

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

** There are 7 graphs, including y = 2^x + 0 or just y = 2^x.

The c = 1, 2, 3 functions are y = 2^x + 1, y = 2^x + 2 and y = 2^x + 3, which are shifted by 1, 2 and 3 units upward from the graph of y = 2^x.

The c = -1, -2, -3 functions are y = 2^x - 1, y = 2^x - 2 and y = 2^x - 3, which are shifted by 1, 2 and 3 units downward from the graph of y = 2^x. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

need to state y = 2^x +0 is just y = 2^x

Self-critique Rating:

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Question: `qquery problem 5. power function families

Describe the graph of the power function family y = A (x-h) ^ p + c for p = -3: A = 1, h = -3 to 3, c = 0.

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Your solution:

a represents the vertical stretch which in this case is 1 unit, the h represents the distance from x we horizontally shift, in this case it shifts -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, and c represents the stretch vertically, which in this case is 0

This is a asymptote which comes close to the y axis and begins to decrease at a faster rate and on the right side it’s decreases at a slower rate.

Confidence Assessment: unsure

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Given Solution:

** GOOD STUDENT RESPONSE: I sketched the graph of the power function family y = A (x-h)^p + c for p = -3: A = 1: h = -3 to 3, c = 0. Beginning on the left side of the graph the curve was infinitely close to its asmptote of y = 0. This was determined by the value of c. As we move from left to right the curves decreased at an increasing rate, approaching thier vertical asmptotes which was determined by thier individual values of h. The curves broke at x = c as this value was never possible due to division by zero. The curves resurfaced on the graph high on the right side of thier vertical asymptotes and from there they decreased at a decreasing rate, once again approaching thier horizontal asymptote of y = 0.

INSTRUCTOR COMMENTS: Only the h value changes. p=-3, A=1 and c=0, so the functions are y = 1 * (x-h)^-3 or y = (x-h)^-3.

For h = -3 to 3 the functions are y = (x - (-3))^-3, y = (x - (-2))^-3, y = (x - (-1))^-3, y = (x - 0)^-3, y = (x - 1)^-3, y = (x - 2)^-3, y = (x - 3)^-3.

These graphs march from left to right, moving 1 unit each time. Be sure you see in terms of the tables why this happens. **

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Self-critique (if necessary):

note only h values change, from left to right they move 1 unit each time.

Self-critique Rating:

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Question: `qquery problem 10 illumination. What function did you evaluate to get your results?

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Your solution:

I do not understand what exactly you are asking. I have went back through all the notes and exercises and the only reference to illumination is the formula illumination/ (distance) which is 50 / distance^2

This is problem 10 in the exercises on the worksheet 'The Four Basic Function Families' , to which you are take by the link entitled 'Introduction to Basic Function Families ' , in Assignment 5:

10. The illumination y from a certain florescent bulb is given as a function of distance x by the generalized power function for p = -1 with A = 370, h = 0 and c = 0. Determine the illumination at distances of 1, 2, 3 and 4 units, and sketch a graph.

Confidence Assessment:

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Given Solution:

** I determined the illumination y from a certain florescent bulb at the distances of 1, 2, 3, and 4 units using the generalized power function for p = -1 with A = 370, h = 0 and c = 0. This power function is

y = A (x- h)^p + c = 370 (x - 0)^(-1) + 0, or just

y = 370 x^-1. **

More detailed explanation:

The generalized power function has form

• y = A * ( x - h ) ^ p + c.

A = 370, h =0 and c = 0 are all given quantities in this problem.

Plug these quantities into the form

• y = A * ( x - h ) ^ p + c

and you will get

• y = 370 (x - 0)^(-1) + 0,

which simplifies to

• y = 370 x^(-1).

The illumination is y, the distances are x values.

Plug in x = 1, then x = 2, then x = 3, then x = 4. Each x value will give you a y value.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

Self-critique Rating:

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Question: `qDetermine the illumination at distances of 1, 2, 3 and 4 units, and sketch a graph.

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Your solution:

the illumination formula is 50/ distance^2, with distance being 1, 2, 3, 4 you would have:

50/1^2 = 25

50/2^2 = 12.5

50/3^2 = 8.33

50 / 4^2= 6.25

Confidence Assessment: unsure

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Given Solution:

** Student Solution:

For x=1 we obtain y=370(-1-0) ^-1=370

For x=2 we obtain y=370(2-0)^-1=185

For x=3 we obtain y=370(3-0)^-1 =123.3

For x=4we obtain y=370(4-0)^-1=92.5**

Query Add comments on any surprises or insights you experienced as a result of this assignment.

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Your solution:

I do not understand how you got a being 370 or how you decided at the values of x and h being 0 or c being -1.

Confidence Assessment:

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Given Solution:

** STUDENT COMMENT: I have never worked with graphs in the power family, and very little in the exponential family. I am always amazed at the patterns that a function produces. It helps me understand the equation so much better than a list of numbers. I do feel that I need the data table with the graph to fully understand it.

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE: The data table is certainly helpful, especially when you see the reasons for the number patterns in the formula as well as you do. **

&#This looks good. See my notes. Let me know if you have any questions. &#

In particular see my note about the illumination problem, and be sure you are reading the Assignments page and the worksheets correctly. Let me know if you have questions.