If your solution to stated problem does not match the given solution, you should self-critique per instructions at http://vhcc2.vhcc.edu/dsmith/geninfo/labrynth_created_fall_05/levl1_22/levl2_81/file3_259.htm.
Your solution, attempt at solution. If you are unable to attempt a solution, give a phrase-by-phrase interpretation of the problem along with a statement of what you do or do not understand about it. This response should be given, based on the work you did in completing the assignment, before you look at the given solution.
027. `query 27
Question: `qQuery intro probs set 7, 1-7
Knowing the 9.8 m/s^2 gravitational field strength of the Earth's field at the surface of the Earth, and knowing the radius of the Earth, how do we find the gravitational field strength at a given distance 'above' the surface of the Earth?
Your solution:
Confidence rating:
Given Solution:
`a** You have an inverse square force. Square the ratio of Earth radius to orbital radius and multiply by 9.8 m/s^2:
Field strength=(Re/r)^2*9.8m/s^2 **
STUDENT COMMENT
I used G M_earth / r^2. Wonder if they get the same
result.
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE
For r > Re, the expressions G M_earth / r^2 and
(Re/r)^2*9.8m/s^2 give the same results, to the number of significant figures
dictated by the known quantities.
The first formula is inherently more accurate, because the radius of the Earth
is not the same at the poles as at the equator, with the result that Re is not
known as precisely as G and the mass of the Earth.
STUDENT QUESTION:
???? I don't think I understand the answer. Is mine correct?
?????
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE:
Your method is completely equivalent to this one, though you
didn't actually show the expressions you would get:
a_grav = k / r^2, and a_grav = g =9.8 m/s^2 when R = R_e,
the radius of the Earth.
Thus
9.8 m/s^2 = k / R_e^2 and
k = 9.8 m/s^2 * R_e^2.
The proportionality becomes
a_grav = 9.8 m/s^2 * R_e^2 / r^2 = 9.8 m/s^2 * (R_e /
r)^2.
Any proportionality of the form
y = k x^p
implies that if y1 = k x1^p and y2 = k x2^p, we have
y2 / y1 = k x1^p / (k x2^p) = (x1 / x2)^p.
In the current case p = -2, the y quantity would be the acceleration of gravity
and the x quantity would be the distance
from the center of the Earth. Using y1 = g and x1 = R_e, with y2 = a_grav and x2
= r, we have
a_grav / g = (r / R_e)^(-2) so that
a_grav = g * (R_e / r)^2.
Self-critique (if necessary):
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Question: `qIf we double our distance from the center of the Earth, what happens to the gravitational field strength we experience?
Your solution:
Confidence rating:
Given Solution:
`a** We have an inverse square force so if r2 = 2 * r1 the ratio of the gravitational field will be
g2 / g1 = (1 / r2^2) / (1 / r1^2) = r1^2 / r2^2 = (r1 / r2)^2 = (r1 / (2 * r1))^2 = r1^2 / 4 r1^2 = 1/4.
In a nutshell double the radius gives us 1 / 2^2 = 1/4 the gravitational field. **
Self-critique (if necessary):
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Question: `qHow do we approximate the energy required to move a given mass from the surface of the Earth to a given height 'above' the Earth, where the field strength at the given height differ significantly from that at the surface?
STUDENT QUESTION (applicable to University Physics Students; others may ignore):
I'm not quite sure how this would be found. Looking at the
given solution, it looks like you could integrate the function F =
G*m1*m2 / r^2 over the period from r1 to r2 with respect to r. What this would
do would give you the area under the
curve for a graph of F vs r (distance). That means the area would be f*d. We
know that work = f*d, and we know that
total work = KE. So integrating will give you the energy.
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE
That's a very good synopsis. That would give you an exact
result. The present problem asks for an approximation.
For your course, the integral results when you partition the interval between r1
and r2, approximating the work on each interval of the partition. When you let
the number of intervals approach infinity, the approximation errors approach
zero and the resulting integral gives you the exact work.
Your solution:
Confidence rating:
Given Solution:
`a STUDENT SOLUTION AND INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE:
mass*[(Re + distance)/Re]^2=force
Force*distance=KE
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE:
The first approximation would be to average the force at the surface and the force at the maximum altitude, then multiply by the distance. The result would give you the work necessary to 'raise' the object against a conservative force, which would be equal to the change in PE.
Integrating G M m / r^2 from r = r1 to r = r2 you get G M m / r1 - G M m / r2, which is the change between r = r1 and r = r2 of the potential energy function -G M m / r (note that this function is an antiderivative with respect to r of G M m / r^2).**
OK. `dPE = F_
INSTRUCT
PE = F_cons_BY * `ds, where F_cons_BY is the force exerted BY
the system against conservative forces.
There could be nonconservative forces present; they would have no effect on the
PE change but would have to be included in F_net, so F_net * `ds wouldn't be
correct.
STUDENT COMMENT:
im not sure i understand this answer I know I need to find KE
and then the different PE from the min and max altitudes
but I dont know if my equation represents the same one shown here
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE
No KE difference is assumed. We are looking only at the work required to 'lift' the object without speeding it up.
Energy is required because, in order to 'lift' a mass, a
force is required to counter the gravitational pull of the Earth. If we can find
the average force required, we need only multiply by the distance. This only
gives an approximation (see more about this below). The work done against
gravity is done against a conservative force, and is therefore equal to the
change in gravitational PE.
You can't use the book's m g y formula because in this case the acceleration of
gravity changes significantly from the initial point to the final point.
The work required is equal to the area beneath the graph of F vs. r. The graph
is decreasing at a decreasing rate (i.e., decreasing and concave up), and is
asymptotic to the positive r axis.
See the Introductory Problem Sets for worked problems of this nature. The
approach used there is to approximate the force at the two distances from the
center of the Earth, average the two and use this as an approximation to the
average force. This approximation is accurate only to the extent that the slope
of the F vs. r graph is constant.
For a given mass m we have
F = m * (r_earth / r)^2 * 9.8 m/s^2; simce m * 9.8 m/s^2 is the weight at the
surface of the earth we could write this as
F = weight_surface * (r_earth / r)^2, where weight_surface is the weight of the
mass at the surface of the Earth..
Either way, this expression gives the force at distance r from the center of the
Earth.
So you would plug in the initial distance from the center of the Earth, and the
final distance, obtaining two values for the force. Averaging these two values
you would have an approximate value for the average force, which would then be
multiplied by the distance to get the approximate work.
Self-critique (if necessary):
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Question: `qQuery class notes #24
Describe the paths of various particles 'shot' parallel to the surface of the Earth from the top of a very high tower, starting with a very small velocity and gradually increasing to a velocity sufficient to completely escape the gravitational field of the Earth.
Your solution:
Confidence rating:
Given Solution:
`aGOOD STUDENT ANSWER:
Each particle sets out to follow an orbit around the center of mass of the earth. But for particles shot at slower speeds, this path is interupted by the surface of the eath and simply stops there. The faster it is shot, the further x distance becomes before the particle lands. However, if it given a great enough velocity, it will fall around the curviture of the earth. If is shot even faster than that, it will follow an eliptical oribit with varying speeds and distances from center of earth.
GOOD STUDENT ANSWER:
With a very low velocity the projectile will not traveled as far. It will fall to earth in a nearly parabolic fashion since it gains vertical velocity as it travels horizontally at a steady pace.
If the projectile is fired at a very strong velocity it will leave the earths vacinity but will still be pulled by the forces acting on it from the earths center. This will cause it to go only so far at which point it has slowed down considerabley, since it has lost most of its kinetic energy. It turns and begins to gain energy as it approaches the earths area, using the potential energy it gained on the trip out. (Causing it to speed up). The path that this projectile will take will be eliptical, and it will continue to loop around the earth.
If the projectile is fired at the correct velocity to form a circular orbit, it will also fall at a parabolic fashion, although the earth's surface will also be descending at the same rate so that the object will appear to be 'not falling'. It is falling but at the same rate the earth is 'falling' under it. It will circle the earth until something causes it to stop.
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE:
The path of the projectile will always be an ellipse with the center of the Earth at one focus. For low velocities and low altitude this path is very nearly parabolic before being interrupted by the surface of the Earth.
One of these ellipses is a perfect circle and gives us the circular orbit we use frequently in this section. **
STUDENT COMMENT:
I thought this object left the earths force...if not i
understand it will fall back to earth as a normal projectile because of a
small velocity and have a parabolic path because gravity will take over
<h3>The gravitational field of the Earth extends forever, but as distance from
the Earth increases the strength of the field decreases as 1 / r^2. For example
at the distance of the Moon the earth's field is only about 1/3600 times as
great as at the surface of the Earth. This is still plenty to hold the Moon in
its orbit about the Earth. The Earth's gravitational field also affects the
orbits of other planets, even though only one planet ever gets close enough to
experience a field which is even one-millionth as great as the field we feel at
the surface of the Earth (the other planets are affected chiefly by the
gravitational field of the Sun).
The further a projectile or a satellite gets from the Earth, the less
gravitational force it experiences, and if it's moving fast enough it will keep
going and never come back; but all the while it will experience some force from
the Earth, just not enough to ever stop it.</h3>
Self-critique (if necessary):
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Question: `qHow many of the velocities in the preceding question would result in a perfectly circular orbit about the Earth?
Your solution:
Confidence rating:
Given Solution:
`a** For a given distance from the center of the Earth, there is only one velocity for which centripetal acceleration is equal to gravitational acceleration, so there is only one possible velocity for a circular orbit of given orbital radius. The orbital radius is determined by the height of the 'tower', so for a given tower there is only one velocity which will achieve a circular orbit. **
Self-critique (if necessary):
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Question: `qIs it necessary in order to achieve a circular orbit to start the object out in a direction parallel to the surface of the Earth?
Your solution:
Confidence rating:
Given Solution:
`a** If you have just one 'shot' then you must start out parallel to the surface of the Earth. The reason is that any circle about the center must be perpendicular at every point to a radial line--a line drawn from the center to the circle. Any radial line will intercept the surface of the Earth and must be perpendicular to it, and the circular orbit must also be perpendicular to this line. Therefore the orbit and the surface are perpendicular to the same line and are therefore parallel. **
STUDENT COMMENT: im now seeing the idea of a
launch paralell to earth. the tower needs to be pretty tall then.
the velocity needs to be headed in the direction of the orbit it will take.
INSTRUCTOR REPSONSE: The main reason it has to be very tall is because of
the atmosphere. If you shoot the projectile with sufficient speed while it's in
the atmosphere, it will quickly lose most of its kinetic energy to air
resistance; the energy goes mostly into heating the object, which as a result
proceeds to melt as its orbit decays. Whether it melts before hitting the ground
or not depends on how quickly the orbit decays and how high it was in the first
place.
If there was no atmosphere, you still would need to be careful about the flattening of the Earth at the equator (the radius at the equator is about 20 km greater than the radius at the poles, which means that if you wanted an orbit that took you over the equator, then even in the absence of atmosphere a tower at the pole would have to be at least 20 km high.
STUDENT QUESTION
When a rocket is launched why is it pointed straight up, isnt this perpendicular to the earth surface, would it be more effective to have it pointed at an angle to be shot parallel with the orbit and the surface of the earth?
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE
Excellent question.
You want to get out of the atmosphere as quickly as possible,
to minimize the work you need to do against air resistance.
A vertical launch position is much more stable than one at an angle away from
vertical. Same reason we build towers vertical rather than leaning.
The launch starts out vertical, and gradually curves toward the tangential
direction.
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Question: `qPrinciples of Physics and General College Physics Problem 5.2: A jet traveling at 525 m/s moves in an arc of radius 6.00 km. What is the acceleration of the jet?
Your solution:
Confidence rating:
Given Solution:
`aThe jet will have centripetal acceleration a_cent = v^2 / r, where v is its speed and r the radius of the circle on which it is traveling. In this case we have v = 525 m/s and r = 6.00 km = 6000 meters.
The centripetal acceleration is therefore
a_cent = v^2 / r = (525 m/s)^2 / (6000 m) = 45 m/s^2, approx.. One 'g' is 9.8 m/s^2, so this is about (45 m/s^2) / (9.8 m/s^2) = 4.6 'g's'.
STUDENT QUESTION:
there are roughly 1600m in a mile I believe, so 45m/s would
be 2700m a minute and 162,000m/hr. so that would be roughly 100mi/hour, am I
making a math error here or is that speed really 4.6g’s???
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE: That speed would be about 100 mph. However 100 mph is not
an acceleration, but as you say, a speed.
g's measure acceleration, not speed.
Nothing here is moving at 45 m/s.
There is a centripetal acceleration of 45 m/s^2. One 'g' is 9.8 m/s^2. So 45
m/s^2 is somewhat more than 4 'g's'. It is in fact 4.6 g's.
STUDENT QUESTION
What does g stand for?
INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE
g stands for the acceleration of gravity. One 'g' is 9.8
m/s^2. Two 'g's' would be 19.6 m/s^2. etc.
At 10 g's you pass out; if you continue this acceleration for more than a couple
of minutes you die.
A fighter jet in a turn can withstand 10 g's; the pilot can't.
Self-critique (if necessary):
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Question: `qUniv. Why is it that the center of mass doesn't move?
Your solution:
Confidence rating:
Given Solution:
`a** There is no net force on the system as a whole so its center of mass can't accelerate. From the frame of reference of the system, then, the center of mass remains stationary. **
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