Describing Graphs

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course Phy 201

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002. Describing Graphs

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Question: `q001. You will frequently need to describe the graphs you have constructed in this course. This exercise is designed to get you used to some of the terminology we use to describe graphs. Please complete this exercise and submit your work as instructed.

Note that you should do these graphs on paper without using a calculator. None of the arithmetic involved here should require a calculator, and you should not require the graphing capabilities of your calculator to answer these questions.

Problem 1. We make a table for y = 2x + 7 as follows: We construct two columns, and label the first column 'x' and the second 'y'. Put the numbers -3, -2, -1, -, 1, 2, 3 in the 'x' column. We substitute -3 into the expression and get y = 2(-3) + 7 = 1. We substitute -2 and get y = 2(-2) + 7 = 3. Substituting the remaining numbers we get y values 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13. These numbers go into the second column, each next to the x value from which it was obtained. We then graph these points on a set of x-y coordinate axes. Noting that these points lie on a straight line, we then construct the line through the points.

Now make a table for and graph the function y = 3x - 4.

Identify the intercepts of the graph, i.e., the points where the graph goes through the x and the y axes.

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Your solution:

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Given Solution:

`aThe graph goes through the x axis when y = 0 and through the y axis when x = 0.

The x-intercept is therefore when 0 = 3x - 4, so 4 = 3x and x = 4/3.

The y-intercept is when y = 3 * 0 - 4 = -4. Thus the x intercept is at (4/3, 0) and the y intercept is at (0, -4).

Your graph should confirm this.

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Question: `q002. Does the steepness of the graph in the preceding exercise (of the function y = 3x - 4) change? If so describe how it changes.

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Your solution:

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Given Solution:

`aThe graph forms a straight line with no change in steepness.

STUDENT COMMENT

Ok, I may not understand what exactly it meant by steepness, I was thinking since it was

increasing it would also be getting steeper?????

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE

A graph can increase while getting steeper and steeper; or it can increase while getting less and less steep. Or it can increase with no change in steepness.

Analogies:

When you walk up a hill, typically as you approach the top the slope starts to level off--it gets less steep.

When you go up a ramp the steepness stays the same until you get to the end of the ramp.

When you start climbing a hill, typically it gets steeper for awhile, the stays at about a constant slope, then gets less steep toward the top.

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Question: `q003. What is the slope of the graph of the preceding two exercises (the function is y = 3x - 4;slope is rise / run between two points of the graph)?

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Your solution:

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Given Solution:

`aBetween any two points of the graph rise / run = 3.

For example, when x = 2 we have y = 3 * 2 - 4 = 2 and when x = 8 we have y = 3 * 8 - 4 = 20. Between these points the rise is 20 - 2 = 18 and the run is 8 - 2 = 6 so the slope is rise / run = 18 / 6 = 3.

Note that 3 is the coefficient of x in y = 3x - 4.

Note the following for reference in subsequent problems: The graph of this function is a straight line. The graph increases as we move from left to right. We therefore say that the graph is increasing, and that it is increasing at constant rate because the steepness of a straight line doesn't change.

EXPANDED EXPLANATION

Any student who has completed Algebra I and Algebra II should be familiar with slope calculations. Most students are. However a number of students appear to be very fuzzy on the concept, and I suspect that not all prerequisite courses cover this concept adequately (though I am confident that it's done well at VHCC). Also a number of students haven't taken a math course in awhile, and might simply be a bit rusty with this idea. In any case the following expanded explanation might be helpful to some students:

Slope = rise / run.

The rise between two graph points is the change in the y coordinate. The run is the change in the x coordinate.

Our function is y = 3 x - 4.

When x = 2, we substitute 2 for x to get y = 3 * 2 - 4, which is equal to 2.

When x = 8, we substitute 8 for x to get y = 3 * 8 - 4, which is equal to 20.

The graph therefore contains the points (2, 2) and (8, 20).

You should have made a graph showing these points. If not you should do so now.

As you go from point to point your y coordinate goes from 2 to 20. So the 'rise' between the points is 20 - 2 = 18.

Your x coordinate goes from 2 to 8. So the 'run' between the points is 8 - 2 = 6.

The slope is rise / run = 18 / 6 = 3.

The numbers 2 and 8, which were used for the x values, were chosen arbitrarily. Any other two x values would have given you

different coordinates, likely with different rise and run. However whatever two x values you use, you will get the same slope. The slope of this graph is constant, and is equal to 3.

STUDENT QUESTION

Am I not allowed to utilize my calculus tools, yet?

Couldn't I have just taken the derivative for the function, y = 3x -4 to obtain 3 as the slope?

However, I do know how to do both ways. Which is the more preferred method?

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE

This exercise develops a language for describing some aspects of graphs, and does not assume calculus tools.

Of course it's fine to use the calculus tools if you have them, as long as you understand the problem at the more basic level as well.

Unfortunately, not every student who has had a calculus course would know how to apply those tools to this situation (for example, I've had students from other institutions who have made A's in Applied Calculus courses from other (not particularly reputable) institutions, who didn't understand the concept of a slope).

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