Your 'bottle thermometer' report has been received. Scroll down through the document to see any comments I might have inserted, and my final comment at the end.
** Your optional message or comment: **
** What happens when you pull water up into the vertical tube then remove the tube from your mouth? **
I think it will be very easy to raise the air 50 cm in the bottle because I have a strong diaphragm. I also expect this gas to raise faster than it did when I used my hands. This is because my diaphragm is stronger than my hands for this scenario because of many things including the fact that I breathe everyday.
** What happens when you remove the pressure-release cap? **
I think that some of the air will escape and it would be harder to raise the air 50 cm since there is less pressure in the system.
I am not sure my hypothesis is true because it didn't seem to release that much air. I think some air escaped, but that could be due to human error.
** What happened when you blew a little air into the bottle? **
The tube stays at about the same place factoring in the human error involved.
Since I blew more air into the system, the volume decreases because the pressure increased. The air column did not move much because the pressure was not released and did not escape.
The system should have maintained its volume, with only a slight change due to the movement of water in the tube.
The pressure increased because you introduced more air into the system.
The vertical tube remained about the same to me.
I would have anticipated this because we learn about this in chemistry (how pressure and volume are related and how adding gas increases pressure).
** Your estimate of the pressure difference due to a 1% change in pressure, the corresponding change in air column height, and the required change in air temperature: **
Less than 10
less that 10 what?
Probably a increase no greater than 5 cm
Probably around 10%
You need to give the basis for your estimates. Your estimates should consist of calculations based on fairly accurate estimates of the atmospheric pressure and the temperature of your system.
These are purely estimates I have made based on the prior information given and what I have seen in the experiment thus far.
** Your estimate of degrees of temperature change, amount of pressure change and change in vertical position of water column for 1% temperature change: **
Less than or greater than 2
Probably around 2-5 kPa
Probably around 1-2 cm
You need to give the basis for your estimates (see my original note on this).
I am basically guessing here because these numbers, in my estimation, would be quite small.
** The temperature change corresponding to a 1 cm difference in water column height, and to a 1 mm change: **
Probably around 2-3 degrees Fahrenheit
Probably around 1-2 degrees Fahrenheit
These are what I noticed during my prior experiment, so I am estimating these numbers.
Again, you need to give the basis for your estimates as they relate to atmospheric pressure and the temperature of the system.
** water column position (cm) vs. thermometer temperature (Celsius) **
28.0 C, -1.2
28.0 C, -.56
28.0 C, +.35
28.1 C, +1.01
28.0 C, +1.53
28.0 C, -.05
28.0 C, -.23
28.0 C, +.31
27.9 C, -.01
28.0 C, +.21
28.0 C, +.10
28.0 C, -.06
28.0 C, -.98
28.1 C, -1.30
28.0 C, +.21
28.0 C, +.34
28.0 C, +.99
28.0 C, -.24
28.0 C, +.31
28.0 C, +.68
** Trend of temperatures; estimates of maximum deviation of temperature based on both air column and alcohol thermometer. **
The temperature fluctuations were all over the place. One moment it would be positive and then next it would be negative. I'm not sure if I did something wrong or if this is supposed to be how it reacts.
I would estimate the maximum deviation is about +/-1.2 cm.
** Water column heights after pouring warm water over the bottle: **
** Response of the system to indirect thermal energy from your hands: **
I don't think my hands did because my water was pretty hot and I wouldn't expect my hands to increase this temperature because my hands are probably around my body temperature. I didn't see the air column fluctuate much when I touched it either.
This effect is probably easier to observe in the winter when ambient temperatures are further from body temperature.
** position of meniscus in horizontal tube vs. alcohol thermometer temperature at 30-second intervals **
28.4 C, -.34
28.4 C, -.58
28.5 C, -1.20
28.4 C, -3.20
28.4 C, -1.79
28.4 C, -.20
28.3 C, +.13
28.5 C, +.36
28.3 C, +1.81
28.4 C, +2.10
** What happened to the position of the meniscus in the horizontal tube when you held your warm hands near the container? **
29.4 C, -.34
29.4 C, -.18
29.5 C, +1.20
29.4 C, +3.40
29.4 C, +4.79
29.4 C, +3.20
29.3 C, +3.13
29.5 C, +3.36
29.3 C, +3.91
29.4 C, +3.15
** Pressure change due to movement of water in horizonal tube, volume change due to 10 cm change in water position, percent change in air volume, change in temperature, difference if air started at 600 K: **
I think the pressure increased by a relatively significant amount.
I'm not sure, but I would estimate the pressure to increase by 10x.3 or 3 times. Is this correct?
-300%
I am not sure. How do you do this?
The gas would have higher pressure which means a lower volume.
Pressure change is indicated by the change in the vertical height of the water column.
If the column is vertical then because the tube is thin there isn't much change in the volume of the system.
If the column is horizontal, there is no change in the vertical height of the column and the pressure of the system remains the same; the column moves in this case because the constant-pressure system is expanding. The tube is thin so a little expansion will correspond to a lot of movement in the tube.
All these quantities can be estimated based on the volume of air in the system, the movement of water in the tube, and the slope of the tube.
** Why weren't we concerned with changes in gas volume with the vertical tube? **
This would have been too difficult to calculate since the water kept rising, then falling, then rising, then falling, etc.
You could observe this within the limits of the fluctuation. The point is that changes in the volume of water in the tube had little effect on the volume of the gas in the container, since the tube is thin and the its volume is pretty much negligible compared to that of the container.
I don't think it would have made a significant difference especially since that was not our primary concern. However, I am not sure.
** Pressure change to raise water 6 cm, necessary temperature change in vicinity of 300 K, temperature change required to increase 3 L volume by .7 cm^3: **
I am assuming it is 10x6, but I'm not sure at all.
Could you please explain this because I am having a difficult time understanding it?
If the water is raised 6 cm, what is the corresponding change in pressure? i.e., what is the pressure exerted by a column of water 6 cm high?
If the temperature increases, pressure increases. You can assume that the change in volume is negligible. How much temperature increase is necessary for the pressure increase due to a 6 cm column of water?
You need to be using the gas law, here and in other parts of the problem.
** The effect of a 1 degree temperature increase on the water column in a vertical tube, in a horizontal tube, and the slope required to halve the preceding result: **
** Optional additional comments and/or questions: **
About 1 and 1/2 hours
** **
I've inserted a number of notes, which I hope will be helpful.
&#Please see my notes and submit a copy of this document with revisions and/or questions, and mark your insertions with &&&&. &#