course Mth 174 The last question in this review was not in chapter 6, section 2. Also, the numbers on the rest of the questions were not correct. For instance, the question labeled #60 was actually about problem number 82. Question: Section 6.1 #15f '(x) =1 for x on the interval (0,2), -1 on (2,3), 2 on (3,4), -2 on (4,6), 1 on (6,7)
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Given Solution: the change in f from x=0 to x=2 is 2 (area beneath line segment from x=0 to x=1), then from x=2 to x=3 is -1, then from x=3 to x=4 is +2, then from x=4 to x=6 is -4, then from x=6 to x=7 is +1. If f(3) = 0 then f(4) = 0 + 2 = 2, f(6) = 2 - 4 = -2 and f(7) = f(6) + 1 = -1. Working back from x=3, f(2) = 0 - (-1) = 1 and f(0) = 1 - 2 = -1. The integral is the sum of the changes in f ' which is 2 - 1 + 2 - 4 + 1 = 0. Alternatively since f(0) = -1 and f(7) = -1 the integral is the difference f(7) - f(0) = -1 - (-1) = 0. Let me know if you disagree with or don't understand any of this and I will explain further. Let me know specifically what you do and don't understand. ** ** Alternative solution: Two principles will solve this problem for you: 1. The definite integral of f' between two points gives you the change in f between those points. 2. The definite integral of f' between two points is represented by the area beneath the graph of f' between the two points, provided area is understood as positive when the graph is above the x axis and negative when the graph is below. We apply these two principles to determine the change in f over each of the given intervals. Answer the following questions: What is the area beneath the graph of f' between x = 0 and x = 2? 0 units What is the area beneath the graph of f' between x = 3 and x = 4? 1 What is the area beneath the graph of f' between x = 4 and x = 6? 0 What is the area beneath the graph of f' between x = 6 and x = 7? -1 What is the change in the value of f between x = 3 and x = 4? Since f(3) = 0, what therefore is the value of f at x = 4? Change in value is 1. f at x = 4 is 2 Now that you know the value of f at x = 4, what is the change in f between x = 4 and x = 6, and what therefore is the value of f at x = 6? The change in value is -4. The values of f at x = 6 is -2. Using similar reasoning, what is the value of f at x = 7? The value of f at x = 7 is -1. Then using similar reasoning, see if you can determine the value of f at x = 2 and at x = 0.** The value of f at x=2 is 1 and at x=0 it is -1 STUDENT QUESTION: I did not understand how to obtain the value of f(0), but I found that f(7) was 10 by adding all the integrals together INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE: The total area is indeed 10, so you're very nearly correct; however the integral is like a 'signed' area--areas beneath the x axis make negative contributions to the integral--and you added the 'absolute' areas &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK Self-critique Rating: OK ********************************************* Question: Describe your graph of f(x), indicating where it is increasing and decreasing and where it is concave up, where it is straight and where it is concave down. ********************************************* Your solution: From 0 to 2, it increases with a slope of 1. From 2 to 3, it decreases with a slope of -1. From 3 to 4, it increases with a slope of 2. From 4 to 6, it decreases with a slope of -2. From 6 to 7, it increases with a slope of 1. There is no concavity because every line is straight. Confidence Assessment: 3
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Given Solution: ** The graph of f(x) is increasing, with slope 1, on the interval (0,2), since f'(x) = 1 on that interval, decreasing, with slope -1, on the interval (2,3), where f'(x) = -1, increasing, with slope +2, on the interval (3,4), where f'(x) = +2, decreasing, with slope -2, on the interval (4,6), where f'(x) = -2, and increasing, with slope +1, on the interval (6,7), where f'(x) = +1. The concavity on every interval is zero, since the slope is constant on every interval. Since f(3) = 0, f(4) = 2 (slope 2 from x=3 to x=4), f(6) = -2 (slope -2 from x = 4 to x = 6), f(7) = -1 (slope +1 from x=6 to x=7). Also, since slope is -1 from x=2 to x=3, f(2) = +1; and similar reasoning shows that f(0) = -1. ** ** The definite integral of f'(x) from x=0 to x=7 is therefore f(7) - f(0) = -1 - (-1) = 0. ** ** Basic principles: 1. The slope of the graph of f(x) is f'(x). So the slope of your f graph will be the value taken by your f' graph. 2. Note that if the slope of the f graph is constant for an interval that means that the graph is a straight line on the interval. Using these principles answer the following questions: What is the slope of the f graph between x = 0 and x = 2? 1 What is the slope of the f graph between x = 3 and x = 4? 2 What is the slope of the f graph between x = 4 and x = 6? -2 What is the slope of the f graph between x = 6 and x = 7? 1 Given that f(3) = 0 and using the value of the slope of the f graph between x = 3 and x = 4, describe the f graph between these two points. The graph rises two units by the time that it moves over one, therefore at x=4, f is 2. Using similar information describe the graph for each of the other given intervals. Between 0 and 2, the graph rises two units, but it is in the horizontal space of two units as well. Between 4 and 6, the graph drops two units for every single horizontal unit, causing it to drop 4 units while moving two. Between 6 and 7, the graph rises one and moves over one with a slope of one. Also answer the following: What would have to be true of the f' graph for the f graph to be concave up? Same question for concave down. ** The graph would have to bend in order to be concave to either direction.
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18:37:09
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&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK Self-critique Rating: OK ********************************************* Question: Was the graph of f(x) continuous? ********************************************* Your solution: Yes, f(x) was continuous. Confidence Assessment: 3
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Given Solution: ** A function f(x) is continuous at x = a if the limit of the f(x), as x approaches a, exists and is equal to f(a). Is this condition fulfilled at every point of the f(x) graph? ** yes
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18:37:15
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&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK Self-critique Rating: OK ********************************************* Question: How can the graph of f(x) be continuous when the graph of f ' (x) is not continuous?
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********************************************* Your solution: Because the graph of f(x) is an actual function while the graph of f’(x) is only a representation of that function’s slopes. Confidence Assessment: 3
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Given Solution: 18:38:11
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Given Solution: ** If f ' is constant then the slope of the f(x) graph is constant, so the graph of f(x) must be linear ** &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK Self-critique Rating: OK ********************************************* Question: Section 6.1 #18 The graph of outflow vs. time is concave up Jan 1993 -Sept, peaks in October, then decreases somewhat thru Jan 1994; the inflow starts lower than the outflow, peaks in May, then decreases until January; inflow is equal to outflow around the middle of March and again in late July. **** When was the quantity of water greatest and when least? Describe in terms of the behavior of the two curves. ********************************************* Your solution: The quantity of water was greatest in July of 93 and the least in Jan of 94. In July 93, the inflow graph had already hit its peak and the outflow graph had been far below the inflow, but had begun to rise. The water level is represented by the area under the curves. Confidence Assessment: 3
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Given Solution: ** Between any two dates the corresponding outflow is represented by the area under the outflow curve, and the inflow by the area under the inflow curve. When inflow is greater than outflow the quantity of water in the reservoir will be increasing and when the outflow is greater than the inflow quantity of water will be decreasing. We see that the quantity is therefore decreasing from January 93 through sometime in late February, increasing from late February through the beginning of July, then again decreasing through the end of the year. The reservoir will reach a relative maximum at the beginning of July, when the outflow rate overtakes the inflow rate. The amount of water lost between January and late February is represented by the difference between the area under the outflow curve and the area under the inflow curve. This area corresponds to the area between the two graphs. The amount of water gained between late February and early July is similarly represented by the area between the two curves. The latter area is clearly greater than the former, so the quantity of water in the reservoir will be greater in early July than on Jan 1. The loss between July 93 and Jan 94, represented by the area between the two graphs over this period, is greater than the gain between late February and early July, so the minimum quantity will occur in Jan 94. The rate at which the water quantity is changing is the difference between outflow and inflow rates. Specifically the net rate at which water quantity is changing is net rate = inflow rate - outflow rate. This quantity is represented by the difference between the vertical coordinate so the graphs, and is maximized around late April or early May, when the inflow rate most greatly exceeds the outflow rate. The net rate is minimized around early October, when the outflow rate most greatly exceeds the inflow rate. At this point the rate of decrease will be maximized. ** ** When inflow is > outflow the amount of water in the reservoir will be increasing. If outflow is < inflow the amount of water will be decreasing. Over what time interval(s) is the amount of water increasing? From Jan. 93 to July 93. Over time interval(s) is the amount of water decreasing? ** From July 93 to about March of 94.
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**** When was the quantity of water increasing fastest, and when most slowly? Describe in terms of the behavior of the two curves. The quantity was increasing the fastest at the point where there is the largest difference between the outflow rate and the inflow rate, which was in Apr. 93. It was increasing most slowly right before the outflow rate becomes larger than the inflow rate, during late June 93.
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18:47:03 The curve increases most between Jan and Apr and it decreases most between July and October ** What aspect of which graph gives you the rate at which water is flowing into the reservoir? The line labeled, “Inflow.” What aspect of which graph gives you the rate at which water is flowing out of the reservoir? The line labeled “Outflow.” What has to be true of the two graphs in order for the amount of water in the reservoir to the increasing at an increasing rate? The line representing the rate of inflow must be higher than the line representing the rate of outflow, which must be decreasing. What has to be true of the two graphs in order for the amount of water in the reservoir to the increasing at a decreasing rate? The Inflow line must be higher than the outflow line which must be increasing. What has to be true of the two graphs in order for the amount of water in the reservoir to the decreasing at an increasing rate? The outflow must be higher than the inflow, which must be decreasing. What has to be true of the two graphs in order for the amount of water in the reservoir to the decreasing at a decreasing rate? ** The outflow must be higher than the inflow, which is increasing.
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18:47:04
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&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK Self-critique Rating: OK ********************************************* Question: Section 6.2 #26 antiderivative of f(x) = x^2, F(0) = 0
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********************************************* Your solution: Antiderivative of f(x) = x^2. = (x^3)/3 Confidence Assessment: 3
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Given Solution: ** An antiderivative of x^2 is x^3/3. The general antiderivative of x^2 is F(x) = x^3/3 + c, where c can be anything. There are infinitely many possible specific antiderivative. However only one of them satisfied F(0) = 0. We have F(0) = 0 so 0^3/3 + c = 0, or just c = 0. The antiderivative that satisfies the conditions of this problem is therefore F(x) = x^3/3 + 0, or just F(x) = x^3/3. **
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18:47:58 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK Self-critique Rating: OK ********************************************* Question: Section 6.2 #56 indef integral of t `sqrt(t) + 1 / (t `sqrt(t)) **** What did you get for the indefinite integral? ********************************************* Your solution: 2/5*t^(5/2) – 2(1/t^(1/2)) + C Confidence Assessment: 3
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Given Solution: ** The function can be written t^(3/2) + t^(-3/2). Both are power functions of the form t^n. Antiderivative is 2/5 * t^(5/2) - 2 t^(-1/2) + c or 2/5 t^(5/2) - 2 / `sqrt(t) + c. ** (2/5) t^(5/2) + ln(t^3/2)
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11:39:51 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK Self-critique Rating: OK ********************************************* Question: Section 6.2 #50 def integral of sin(t) + cos(t), 0 to `pi/4 ********************************************* Your solution: Int.[0,pi/4] (sin(t) + cos(t))dt = -cos(t) + sin(t) = (0) – (-1+0) = 1 Confidence Assessment: 3
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Given Solution: ** An antiderivative is -cos(t) + sin(t), as you can see by taking the derivative. Evaluating this expression at `pi/4 gives -`sqrt(2)/2 + `sqrt(2)/2 = 0. Evaluating at 0 gives -1 + 0 or -1. The antiderivative is therefore 0 - (-1) = 1. ** &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK Self-critique Rating: OK ********************************************* Question: Why doesn't it matter which antiderivative you use?
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********************************************* Your solution: Because the only difference is which “C” is plugged in and C is a constant so it is the same in both integrals, therefore it subtracts out when they are combined. Confidence Assessment: 3
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Given Solution: ** General antiderivative is -cos(t) + sin(t) + c, where c can be any number. You would probably use c = 0, but you could use any fixed value of c. Since c is the same at both limits of the integral, it subtracts out and has no effect on the value of the definite integral. **
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&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK Self-critique Rating: OK ********************************************* Question: Section 6.2 #60 v(x) = 6/x^2 on the interval [1,c}. Find the value of c.
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********************************************* Your solution: Int. [1,c] (6/x^2)dx =1 = 6*Int.[1,c] (x^(-2))dx = -6/x = F(c) - F(1) = -6/c- (-6/1) = c - 1 so, c=1 or c=6. Since c=1 gives a length of 0, it must be equal to 6. Confidence Assessment: 3
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Given Solution: An antiderivative of 6 / x^2 is F(x) = -6 / x. The definite integral is equal to the product of the average value and the length of the interval. In this case average value is 1 and the interval from x = 1 to x = c has length c - 1. So the definite integral must be 1 * ( c - 1). Evaluating between 1 and c and using the above fact that the result must be 1 we get F(c) - F(1) = -6/c- (-6/1) = c - 1 so that -6/c+6=c - 1. We solve for c, first getting all terms on one side: c - 7 + 6/c = 0. Multiplying both sides by c to get c^2 - 7 c + 6 = 0. Either be factoring or the quadratic formula we get c = 6 or c = 1. If c = 1 the interval has length 0 and the definite integral is not defined. This leaves the solution c= 6.
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&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): OK Self-critique Rating: OK ********************************************* Question: Section 6.2 #44 What is the indefinite integral of e^(5+x) + e^(5x) ********************************************* Your solution: This problem is not in section 6.2 Confidence Assessment:
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Given Solution: ** The derivative of e^(5+x) is, by the Chain Rule, (5+x)' * e^(5+x) = 1 * e^(5 + x) = e^(5 + x) so this function is its own antiderivative. The derivative of e^(5x) is (5x) ' * e^(5x) = 5 * e^(5x). So to get an antiderivative of e^(5x) you would have to use 1/5 e^(5x), whose derivative is e^(5x). ** &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Self-critique (if necessary): This problem is not in chapter 6, section 2. Self-critique Rating: "