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Phy 232
Your 'flow experiment' report has been received. Scroll down through the document to see any comments I might have inserted, and my final comment at the end.
** Flow Experiment_labelMessages **
6/5/12 submitted around 10:05 PM
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The picture below shows a graduated cylinder containing water, with dark coloring (actually a soft drink). Water is flowing out of the cylinder through a short thin tube in the side of the cylinder. The dark stream is not obvious but it can be seen against the brick background.
You will use a similar graduated cylinder, which is included in your lab kit, in this experiment. If you do not yet have the kit, then you may substitute a soft-drink bottle. Click here for instructions for using the soft-drink bottle.
• In this experiment we will observe how the depth of water changes with clock time.
In the three pictures below the stream is shown at approximately equal time intervals. The stream is most easily found by looking for a series of droplets, with the sidewalk as background.
Based on your knowledge of physics, answer the following, and do your best to justify your answers with physical reasoning and insight:
• As water flows from the cylinder, would you expect the rate of flow to increase, decrease or remain the same as water flows from the cylinder?
Your answer (start in the next line):
I would expect the rate of the flow to decrease as the water flows from the cylinder because as the amount of pressure decreases the water exiting will decrease as well.
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• As water flows out of the cylinder, an imaginary buoy floating on the water surface in the cylinder would descend.
• Would you expect the velocity of the water surface and hence of the buoy to increase, decrease or remain the same?
Your answer (start in the next line):
I would expect the velocity of the water surface to decrease because as the pressure decreases the velocity will decrease thus making the water getting closer and closer to the bottle.
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• How would the velocity of the water surface, the velocity of the exiting water, the diameter of the cylinder and thediameter of the hole be interrelated? More specifically how could you determine the velocity of the water surface from the values of the other quantities?
Your answer (start in the next line):
From the information given you can obtain the flow rate and thus can determine the velocity of the water surface.
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• The water exiting the hole has been accelerated, since its exit velocity is clearly different than the velocity it had in the cylinder.
• Explain how we know that a change in velocity implies the action of a force?
Your answer (start in the next line):
The force causes the acceleration thus causing the change in velocity.
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• What do you think is the nature of the force that accelerates the water from inside the cylinder to the outside of the outflow hole?
Your answer (start in the next line):
The pressure of the water is forcing down on to the water that is exiting through the hole in the bottom thus creating a force on the water going through the whole.
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From the pictures, answer the following and justify your answers, or explain in detail how you might answer the questions if the pictures were clearer:
• Does the depth seem to be changing at a regular rate, at a faster and faster rate, or at a slower and slower rate?
Your answer (start in the next line):
The depth is changing at a slower and slower rate because as the water decreases the pressure decreases thus not forcing as much water through the whole.
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• What do you think a graph of depth vs. time would look like?
Your answer (start in the next line):
The graph looks like a decreasing exponential curve that is asymptotically going towards zero.
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• Does the horizontal distance (the distance to the right, ignoring the up and down distance) traveled by the stream increase or decrease as time goes on?
Your answer (start in the next line):
The horizontal distance traveled by the stream decreases as time goes on.
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• Does this distance change at an increasing, decreasing or steady rate?
Your answer (start in the next line):
This distance changes at a decreasing rate.
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• What do you think a graph of this horizontal distance vs. time would look like? Describe in the language of the Describing Graphs exercise.
Your answer (start in the next line):
I think a graph of this horizontal distance vs. time would be like a decreasing exponential curve that is asymptotically going towards zero.
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You can easily perform this experiment in a few minutes using the graduated cylinder that came with your kit. If you don't yet have the lab materials, see the end of this document for instructions an alternative setup using a soft-drink bottle instead of the graduated cylinder. If you will be using that alternative, read all the instructions, then at the end you will see instructions for modifying the procedure to use a soft drink bottle.
Setup of the experiment is easy. You will need to set it up near your computer, so you can use a timing program that runs on the computer. The cylinder will be set on the edge of a desk or tabletop, and you will need a container (e.g., a bucket or trash can) to catch the water that flows out of the cylinder. You might also want to use a couple of towels to prevent damage to furniture, because the cylinder will leak a little bit around the holes into which the tubes are inserted.
• Your kit included pieces of 1/4-inch and 1/8-inch tubing. The 1/8-inch tubing fits inside the 1/4-inch tubing, which in turn fits inside the two holes drilled into the sides of the graduated cylinder.
• Fit a short piece of 1/8-inch tubing inside a short piece of 1/4-inch tubing, and insert this combination into the lower of the two holes in the cylinder. If the only pieces of 1/4-inch tubing you have available are sealed, you can cut off a short section of the unsealed part and use it; however don't cut off more than about half of the unsealed part--be sure the sealed piece that remains has enough unsealed length left to insert and securely 'cap off' a piece of 1/4-inch tubing.
• Your kit also includes two pieces of 1/8-inch tubing inside pieces of 1/4-inch tubing, with one end of the 1/8-inch tubing sealed. Place one of these pieces inside the upper hole in the side of the cylinder, to seal it.
• While holding a finger against the lower tube to prevent water from flowing out, fill the cylinder to the top mark (this will be the 250 milliliter mark).
• Remove your thumb from the tube at the same instant you click the mouse to trigger the TIMER program.
• The cylinder is marked at small intervals of 2 milliliters, and also at larger intervals of 20 milliliters. Each time the water surface in the cylinder passes one of the 'large-interval' marks, click the TIMER.
• When the water surface reaches the level of the outflow hole, water will start dripping rather than flowing continuously through the tube. The first time the water drips, click the TIMER. This will be your final clock time.
• We will use 'clock time' to refer to the time since the first click, when you released your thumb from the tube and allowed the water to begin flowing.
• The clock time at which you removed your thumb will therefore be t = 0.
Run the experiment, and copy and paste the contents of the TIMER program below:
Your answer (start in the next line):
1 7.03125 7.03125
2 14.94531 7.914063
3 20.125 5.179688
4 26.21875 6.09375
5 34.63281 8.414063
6 41.57031 6.9375
7 49.01563 7.445313
8 57.35938 8.34375
9 64.82031 7.460938
10 76.32813 11.50781
11 83.30469 6.976563
12 89.74219 6.4375
13 100.2422 10.5
14 107.2188 6.976563
15 117.6094 10.39063
16 126.1875 8.578125
17 136.125 9.9375
18 146.2969 10.17188
19 157.7578 11.46094
20 165.7031 7.945313
21 179.8984 14.19531
22 189.9766 10.07813
23 205.5938 15.61719
24 220.2891 14.69531
25 233.5781 13.28906
26 249.5859 16.00781
27 269.1641 19.57813
28 286.9609 17.79688
29 317.1328 30.17188
30 323.9766 6.84375
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Measure the large marks on the side of the cylinder, relative to the height of the outflow tube. Put the vertical distance from the center of the outflow tube to each large mark in the box below, from smallest to largest distance. Put one distance on each line.
Your answer (start in the next line):
1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5 ,6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12,12.5,13,13.5,14,14.5,15,15.5
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Now make a table of the position of the water surface vs. clock time. The water surface positions will be the positions of the large marks on the cylinder relative to the outflow position (i.e., the distances you measured in the preceding question) and the clock times will as specified above (the clock time at the first position will be 0). Enter 1 line for each event, and put clock time first, position second, with a comma between.
For example, if the first mark is 25.4 cm above the outflow position and the second is 22.1 cm above that position, and water reached the second mark 2.45 seconds after release, then the first two lines of your data table will be
0, 25.4
2.45, 22.1
If it took another 3.05 seconds to reach the third mark at 19.0 cm then the third line of your data table would be
5.50, 19.0
Note that it would NOT be 3.05, 19.0. 3.05 seconds is a time interval, not a clock time. Again, be sure that you understand that clock times represent the times that would show on a running clock.
The second column of your TIMER output gives clock times (though that clock probably doesn't read zero on your first click), the third column gives time intervals. The clock times requested here are those for a clock which starts at 0 at the instant the water begins to flow; this requires an easy and obvious modification of your TIMER's clock times.
For example if your TIMER reported clock times of 223, 225.45, 228.50 these would be converted to 0, 2.45 and 5.50 (just subtract the initial 223 from each), and these would be the times on a clock which reads 0 at the instant of the first event.
Do not make the common error of reporting the time intervals (third column of the TIMER output) as clock times. Time intervals are the intervals between clicks; these are not clock times.
Your answer (start in the next line):
7.03125 15.5
14.94531 15
20.125 14.5
26.21875 14
34.63281 13.5
41.57031 13
49.01563 12.5
57.35938 12
64.82031 11.5
76.32813 11
83.30469 10.5
89.74219 10
100.2422 9.5
107.2188 9
117.6094 8.5
126.1875 8
136.125 7.5
146.2969 7
157.7578 6.5
165.7031 6
179.8984 5.5
189.9766 5
205.5938 4.5
220.2891 4
233.5781 3.5
249.5859 3
269.1641 2.5
286.9609 2
317.1328 1.5
323.9766 1
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You data could be put into the following format:
clock time (in seconds, measured from first reading) Depth of water (in centimeters, measured from the hole)
0 14
10 10
20 7
etc. etc.
Your numbers will of course differ from those on the table.
The following questions were posed above. Do your data support or contradict the answers you gave above?
• Is the depth changing at a regular rate, at a faster and faster rate, or at a slower and slower rate?
Your answer (start in the next line):
The depth is changing at a slower and slower rate and this supports my answer above.
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• Sketch a graph of depth vs. clock time (remember that the convention is y vs. x; the quantity in front of the 'vs.' goes on the vertical axis, the quantity after the 'vs.' on the horizontal axis). You may if you wish print out and use the grid below.
Describe your graph in the language of the Describing Graphs exercise.
The graph of water depth vs. clock time is decreasing at a decreasing rate. It looks like an exponential graph that is decreasing.
Your answer (start in the next line):
The graph of water depth vs. clock time is decreasing at a decreasing rate. It looks like an exponential graph that is decreasing.
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caution: Be sure you didn't make the common mistake of putting time intervals into the first column; you should put in clock times. If you made that error you still have time to correct it. If you aren't sure you are welcome to submit your work to this point in order to verify that you really have clock times and not time intervals
Now analyze the motion of the water surface:
• For each time interval, find the average velocity of the water surface.
Explain how you obtained your average velocities, and list them:
Your answer (start in the next line):
I found the average velocity by finding the change in height divided by the time intervals.
0.071111
0.063179
0.096531
0.082051
0.059424
0.072072
0.067156
0.059925
0.067016
0.043449
0.071669
0.07767
0.047619
0.071669
0.04812
0.058288
0.050314
0.049155
0.043626
0.06293
0.035223
0.049612
0.032016
0.034024
0.037625
0.031235
0.025539
0.028095
0.016572
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• Assume that this average velocity occurs at the midpoint of the corresponding time interval.
What are the clock times at the midpoints of your time intervals, and how did you obtain them? (Give one midpoint for each time interval; note that it is midpoint clock time that is being requested, not just half of the time interval. The midpoint clock time is what the clock would read halfway through the interval. Again be sure you haven't confused clock times with time intervals. Do not make the common mistake of reporting half of the time interval, i.e., half the number in the third column of the TIMER's output):
Your answer (start in the next line):
I obtained theses values by averaging each two clock times together in excel.
10.98828
17.53516
23.17188
30.42578
38.10156
45.29297
53.18751
61.08985
70.57422
79.81641
86.52344
94.9922
103.7305
112.4141
121.8985
131.1563
141.211
152.0274
161.7305
172.8008
184.9375
197.7852
212.9415
226.9336
241.582
259.375
278.0625
302.0469
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• Make a table of average velocity vs. clock time. The clock time on your table should be the midpoint clock time calculated above.
Give your table below, giving one average velocity and one clock time in each line. You will have a line for each time interval, with clock time first, followed by a comma, then the average velocity.
Your answer (start in the next line):
7.03125, 0.071111
14.94531, 0.063179
20.125, 0.096531
26.21875, 0.082051
34.63281, 0.059424
41.57031, 0.072072
49.01563, 0.067156
57.35938, 0.059925
64.82031, 0.067016
76.32813, 0.043449
83.30469, 0.071669
89.74219, 0.07767
100.2422, 0.047619
107.2188, 0.071669
117.6094, 0.04812
126.1875, 0.058288
136.125, 0.050314
146.2969, 0.049155
157.7578, 0.043626
165.7031, 0.06293
179.8984, 0.035223
189.9766, 0.049612
205.5938, 0.032016
220.2891, 0.034024
233.5781, 0.037625
249.5859, 0.031235
269.1641, 0.025539
286.9609, 0.028095
317.1328, 0.016572
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• Sketch a graph of average velocity vs. clock time. Describe your graph, using the language of the Describing Graphs exercise.
Your answer (start in the next line):
The graph of average velocity vs. clock time is decreasing. As average velocity decreases as time increases.
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@&
You omitted an important part of the description:
Is the graph decreasing at a constant, and increasing or a decreasing rate?
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• For each time interval of your average velocity vs. clock time table determine the average acceleration of the water surface. Explain how you obtained your acceleration values.
Your answer (start in the next line):
I obtained the acceleration values by taking the difference in average velocities divided by the time interval.
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• Make a table of average acceleration vs. clock time, using the clock time at the midpoint of each time interval with the corresponding acceleration.
Give your table in the box below, giving on each line a midpoint clock time followed by a comma followed by acceleration.
Your answer (start in the next line):
Average Acceleration Clock Time
0.001128 7.03125
-0.00421 14.94531
0.002795 20.125
0.003713 26.21875
-0.0015 34.63281
0.000709 41.57031
0.000971 49.01563
-0.00085 57.35938
0.003159 64.82031
-0.00245 76.32813
-0.00086 83.30469
0.004668 89.74219
-0.00229 100.2422
0.003375 107.2188
-0.00098 117.6094
0.000929 126.1875
0.000117 136.125
0.000544 146.2969
-0.00168 157.7578
0.003487 165.7031
-0.00101 179.8984
0.001746 189.9766
-0.00013 205.5938
-0.00025 220.2891
0.000481 233.5781
0.000356 249.5859
-0.00013 269.1641
0.000647 286.9609
317.1328
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Answer two questions below:
• Do your data indicate that the acceleration of the water surface is constant, increasing or decreasing, or are your resultsinconclusive on this question?
• Do you think the acceleration of the water surface is actually constant, increasing or decreasing?
Your answer (start in the next line):
The result is inconclusive for the acceleration of the water surface. I think that the acceleration of the water surface is actually constant.
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Go back to your graph of average velocity vs. midpoint clock time. Fit the best straight line you can to your data.
• What is the slope of your straight line, and what does this slope represent? Give the slope in the first line, your interpretation of the slope in the second.
• How well do you think your straight line represents the actual behavior of the system? Answer this question and explain your answer.
• Is your average velocity vs. midpoint clock time graph more consistent with constant, increasing or decreasing acceleration? Answer this question and explain your answer.
Your answer (start in the next line):
-.0002
The slope represents that the velocity is decreasing.
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@&
The question asked about the acceleration, not the velocity.
What aspect of the v vs. t graph would correspond to the acceleration, and what does your graph therefore appear to indicate about the acceleration?
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Your instructor is trying to gauge the typical time spent by students on these experiments. Please answer the following question as accurately as you can, understanding that your answer will be used only for the stated purpose and has no bearing on your grades:
• Approximately how long did it take you to complete this experiment?
Your answer (start in the next line):
3 hours
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You may add any further comments, questions, etc. below:
Your answer (start in the next line):
I used a 2-liter soda bottle. The dimensions of the cylinder were height:15.5, radius:5.411cm and volume:91.98244. the size of the whole is 1/8.
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*#&!
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You appear to have good data and your analysis appears correct.
However there are a couple of questions that haven't been answered. See my notes.
&#Please see my notes and submit a copy of this document with revisions, comments and/or questions, and mark your insertions with &&&& (please mark each insertion at the beginning and at the end).
Be sure to include the entire document, including my notes. &#
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