QA 28

#$&*

course PHY 121

7/28 9

028. Orbital Dynamics

PRELIMINARY STUDENT COMMENT:

I am still a little confus. with some of the equations. In order to find the grav. force

of 2 objects on each other we will

used F=GMm/r^2 which is the same as F = ma where a = v^2/r? But if we want to find the

gravit. field on an object

within earths field we use g= 9.8m/s/s *rE/r ^2 but this is not a Force...so again we

must use F = ma=mg?

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE:

That's pretty close. To clarify a couple of points:

F = G M m / r^2 will give you the same result, within roundoff error, as g= 9.8m/s/s

*rE/r ^2 combined with F = m g.

If you have a circular orbit then a_cent = v^2 / r is the centripetal acceleration, so

centripetal force F_cent = m * a_cent = m * v^2 / r. The centripetal force is provided

by the gravitational attraction, so G M m / r^2 = m * v^2 / r. If we solve this for v we

get v = sqrt( G M / r).

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Question: `q001. Note that this assignment contains 11 questions.

The planet Earth has a mass of approximately 6 * 10^24 kg. What force would therefore

be experienced by a 3000 kg satellite as it orbits at a distance of 10,000 km from the

center of the planet?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

F = G * m1 * m2 / r^2

G = 6.67 * 10 ^-11 Nm^2/kg^2

m1 = 6 * 10^24 kg

m2 = 3,000 kg or 3 * 10^3 kg

r = 10,000 km or 10,000,000 m or 10^7 km

F = (6.67 * 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2)(6 * 10^24 kg) (3 * 10^3 kg) / 10^7 km

F = (6.67 * 6 * 3)(10^-1 * 10^24 * 10^3) / 10^7

F = (120.06 Nm^2)(10^16) / 10^7 m

F = 1.2 * 10^11 Nm

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

The force would be F = G m1 m2 / r^2, with m1 and m2 the masses of the planet and the

satellite and r the distance of the satellite from the center of the planet. Thus we

have

F = 6.67 * 10^-11 N m^2 / kg^2 * (6 * 10^24 kg) * 3000 kg / (10,000,000 meters) ^ 2 =

12,000 Newtons.

SLIGHT ERROR IN STUDENT SOLUTION:

F = 6.67e^-11Nm^2/kg^2 * 6E^24 *3000kg /10000km^2

F = 1.2 E10N

INSTRUCTOR'S CORRECTION:

You have m^2 in the numerator, km^2 in the denominator. These units don't divide out. To

agree with the units of the universal gravitational constant G, you need to express r in

meters. That's the only discrepancy between your solution and the correct solution--

everything else is just as it should be.

The exponent is therefore not 10. When you express the denominator in meters you end up

with 1.2 * 10^4 N, and exponent of 4::

F = 6.67 * 10^-11 N m^2 / kg^2 * (6 * 10^24 kg) * 3000 kg / (10,000,000 meters) ^ 2

= 6.67 * 10^-11 N m^2 / kg^2 * (6 * 10^24 kg) * 3000 kg / (100, 000, 000, 000, 000

meters^ 2 ).

Easy to get messed up the all the zeros so we go to scientific notation and get

6.67 * 10^-11 N m^2 / kg^2 * (6 * 10^24 kg) * (3* 10^3 kg) / (10^7 meters) ^ 2

= 6.67 * 10^-11 N m^2 / kg^2 * (6 * 10^24 kg) * (3* 10^3 kg) / (10^14 meters^2).

6.67 * 6 * 3 = 120.

10^-11 * 10^24 * 10^3 / (10^14) = 10^(-11 + 24 + 3 - 14), by the laws of exponents, and

this gives us 10^2.

So the numerical result is 120 * 10^2 = 1.2 * 10^4, or 12 000.

The units work out to N m^2 / kg^2 * kg^2 / m^2 = N.

The result is therefore 12 000 N

STUDENT QUESTION

????Centripetal force is stated mv^2/r and is equal to the gravitational force GM1m2/r^2

and can be written:

Mv^2/r = GM1m2/r^2

Like with some of our other equations can this be solved for any of the quantities

except our constant G. Would we have enough with just centripetal acceleration to solve

for the mass or force. I’d also like to confirm that there is a clear distinction

between centripetal acceleration and force,

aCent = v^2/r

Fcent = mv^2/r

If we solved for m we would get

M = Fcent*R / v^2

So to find the mass we need force, and for force we need mass, so im taking it that just

the quantities of centripetal acceleration are not sufficient to find either mass or

force????

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE

Very good question. The quick answer is that you have used M and m2 for the same mass,

but this is worth a closer look:

Let M_1 be the mass of the Earth and m_2 the (much smaller) mass of the satellite.

Then as you say F = G M_1 m_2 / r^2.

The centripetal acceleration of the satellite is v^2 / r.

The mass of the satellite has been denoted m_2, so we have

m_2 v^2 / r = G M_1 m_2 / r^2.

Note that only two masses are involved in the situation, that of the Earth and that of

the satellite. (Here's really the crux of your question: The equation you wrote had

three masses; what you denoted M should be the mass of the satellite, which in your

equation is already denoted m2).

The mass m_2 divides out of the equation

m_2 v^2 / r = G M_1 m_2 / r^2

leaving

v^2 / r = G M_1 / r^2.

This equation can easily be solved for any of its variables, provided the others are

know.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

I didn't square the radius. If I had squared the radius, it would have been correct.

And, I wouldn't have had that extra m floating around.

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Self-critique rating: 2

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Question: `q002. What force would the same satellite experience at the surface of the

Earth, about 6400 km from the center.

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Your solution:

G = 6.67 * 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2

m1 = 6 * 10^24 kg

m2 = 3 * 10^3 kg

r = 6400 km or 6,400,000 m

r^2 = 4.096 * 10^13 km^2

F = (6.67 * 6 * 3)(10^-11 * 10^24 * 10^3) / 4.096 * 10^13

(I know that I left off the units here, but I needed to look at the numbers without them

for a moment)

F = 120.06 * 10^16 N m^2 / 4.096 * 10^13 m^2

F = 2.93 * 10^4 N or 29,300 N

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

The force would be F = G m1 m2 / r^2, with m1 and m2 the masses of the planet and the

satellite and r the distance of the satellite from the center of the planet. Thus we

have

F = 6.67 * 10^-11 N m^2 / kg^2 * (6 * 10^24 kg) * 3000 kg / (6,400,000 meters) ^ 2 =

29,000 Newtons.

Note that this is within roundoff error of the F = m g = 3000 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 = 29400 N

force calculated from the gravitational acceleration experienced at the surface of the

Earth.

STUDENT SOLUTION USING PROPORTION (correct except proportion is reversed):

10000/6400 = 1.56 = 1.6

F = 12000 * (1/1.6^2)

F = 4687.5N

INSTRUCTOR CORRECTION:

You made excellent use of ratios. Your only error was that the ratio was 'upside down'.

The force varies as 1 / r^2. If r1 and r2 are two radii, then the force ratio would be

F2 / F1 = (1 / r2)^2 / (1 / r1)^2 = r1^2 / r2^2 = (r1 / r2)^2.

So if F2 is the force at the 6400 km distance, we would have F2 / F1 = (r1 / r2)^2 = (10

000 km / (6400 km) )^2 = 1.6^2 = 2.6, approx, and the force would be about 2.6 * 12000 N

= 30,000 N.

STUDENT COMMENT:

Solving for this seems a lot easier and different from the first problem. I don’t see

how we couldn’t just use the same

formula as before but only with changing the distance. Why do we use F2 / F1 = (r1 /

r2)^2 to solve for this problem???

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE

It's valuable to understand both the proportionality, which allows us to base our

results on the acceleration of gravity at the surface of the Earth and on the measured

radius of the Earth but not the value of G or the mass of the Earth, and the law of

universal gravitation, which requires that we know the radius and mass of the Earth as

well as the value of the universal gravitational constant G, but not the acceleration of

gravity at the surface.

However either form could be used on this problem, and both will yield the same result.

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Self-critique (if necessary): OK

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Self-critique rating: 3

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Question: `q003. What would be the acceleration toward the center of the Earth of the

satellite in the previous two questions at the distance 10,000 km from the center of

the Earth? We may safely assume that no force except gravity acts on the satellite.

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Your solution:

I'm not quite sure where to start with this, so I'll start with 9.8 m/s^2. I know that

it won't be 9.8 m/s^2 because it's too far away, but I don't know what else to do (until

I look, that is).

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

The force at the 10,000 km distance was previously calculated to be 12,000 Newtons, the

mass of the satellite being 3000 kg. Since the only force acting on the satellite is

that of gravity, the 12,000 Newtons is the net force and the acceleration of the

satellite is therefore a = 12,000 N / 3000 kg = 4 m/s^2.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

I just needed the little F=m*a hint. It's just like at school with my elementary

students. When you start getting into the more complicated things, they forget the

basics that got them there.

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Self-critique rating: 3

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Question: `q004. The centripetal acceleration of an object moving in a circle of

radius r at velocity v is aCent = v^2 / r. What would be the centripetal acceleration

of an object moving at 5000 m/s in a circular orbit at the distance of 10,000 km from

the center of a planet, and how this this compare to the 4 m/s^2 acceleration net would

be experienced by an object at this distance from the center of the Earth?

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Your solution:

v = 5000 m/s

v^2 = 2.5 * 10 ^7 m/s

r = 10^7 m^2/s^2

a = v^2/r

a = 2.5 * 10^7 m^2/s^2 / 10^7 s

a = 2.5 m/s^2

2.5 m/s^2 is 5/8 (or .625) of 4 m/s^2

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

The centripetal acceleration of the given object would be aCent = (5000 m/s)^2 /

(10,000,000 m) = 2.5 m/s^2. This is less than the acceleration of gravity at that

distance.

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Self-critique (if necessary): OK

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Self-critique rating: 3

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Question: `q005. What would be the centripetal acceleration of an object moving at

10,000 m/s in a circular orbit at the distance of 10,000 km from the center of a

planet, and how does this compare to the 4 m/s^2 acceleration that would be experienced

by an object at this distance from the center of the Earth?

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Your solution:

v = 10,000 m/s

v^2 = 10^8 m^2/s^2

km to m = 10,000 km * 1,000 = 10^7 m

a_cent = 10^8 m^s/s^2 / 10^7 m

a_cent = 10 m/s^2

This is faster than 4 m/s^2.

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

The centripetal acceleration of this object would be aCent = v^2 / r = (10,000 m/s)^2 /

(10,000,000 m) = 10 m/s^2, which is greater than the acceleration of gravity at that

distance.

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Self-critique (if necessary): OK

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Self-critique rating: 3

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Question: `q006. An object will move in a circular orbit about a planet without the

expenditure of significant energy provided that the object is well outside the

atmosphere of the planet, and provided its centripetal acceleration matches the

acceleration of gravity at the position of the object in its orbit. For the satellite

of the preceding examples, orbiting at 10,000 km from the center of the Earth, we have

seen that the acceleration of gravity at that distance is approximately 4 m/s^2. What

must be the velocity of the satellite so that this acceleration from gravity matches its

centripetal acceleration?

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Your solution:

4 m/s^2 = v^2 / 10,000,000 m

v^2 = 4 m/s^2 * 10,000,000 m

v^2 = 40,000,000 m^2/s^2

v = 6324.55532 m/s

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

The velocity must be such that aCent = v^2 / r matches the 4 m/s^2. Solving aCent = v^2

/ r for v we obtain

v = `sqrt( aCent * r ),

so if aCent is 4 m/s^2,

v = `sqrt( 4 m/s^2 * 10,000,000 m ) = `sqrt( 40,000,000 m) = 6.3 * 10^3 m/s.

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Self-critique (if necessary): OK

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Self-critique rating: 3

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Question: `q007. The orbital velocity of a satellite in a circular orbit is that

velocity for which the centripetal acceleration of the satellite is equal to its

gravitational acceleration. The satellite in the previous series of examples had a

mass of 3000 kg and orbited at a distance of 10,000 km from the center of the Earth.

What would be the acceleration due to Earth's gravity of a 5-kg hunk of space junk at

this orbital distance?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

F = G * m1 * m2 / r^2

G = 6.67 * 10^-11 Nm^s/kg^2

m1 = 6 * 10^24

m2 = 5 kg

r = 10,000,000 m

r^2 = 10^14

(6.67 * 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2)(6 * 10^24 kg)(5 kg) / 10^14 m^2

(6.67 * 6 * 5)(10^-11 * 10^24) / 10 ^14

200.1 * 10^13 N m^2 / 10^14 m^2

200.1 * 10^-1 N

20.01 N

F = m * a

a = F/m

a = 20 N / 5 kg

a = 4 m/s^2

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

The force of gravity on the junk hunk is easily found from Newton's Law of Universal

Gravitation. Using F = G m1 m2 / r^2 we see that the force of gravity must be

Fgrav = (6.67 * 10^-11 kg) * (6 * 10^24 kg) * (5 kg) / (10,000,000 m)^2 = 20 Newtons,

approx..

Its acceleration due to gravity is thus

a = Fgrav / m = 20 Newtons / 5 kg = 4 m/s^2.

We note that this is the same gravitational acceleration experienced by the 3000 kg

mass, and conjecture that any mass will experience the same gravitational acceleration

at this distance from the center of the planet.

STUDENT COMMENT

It seems that however I try to calculate this in my calculator I

can’t seem to get the correct answer.

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE

You don't need the calculator to put the expression

(6.67 * 10^-11 kg) * (6 * 10^24 kg) * (5 kg) / (10,000,000 m)^2

into the form

(6.67 * 10^-11 kg) * (6 * 10^24 kg) * (5 kg) / (10^7 m)^2,

or to apply the laws of exponents to see that the numbers work out to

6.67 * 6 * 5 * 10^-11 * 10^24 / 10^14.

You should be able to apply the laws of exponents to see that the result is

6.67 * 6 * 5 * 10^(-11 + 24 - 14), or

6.67 * 6 * 5 * 10^(-1).

Nothing so far should require a calculator, which tends to only confuse these

calculations.

It shouldn't be necessary to use the calculator to multiply 6.67 * 6 * 5, but it's OK to

do so. You will get

200 * 10^(-1) = 200 * .1 = 20.

The units work out as shown previously, to Newtons.

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Self-critique (if necessary): OK

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Self-critique rating: 3

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Question: `q008. What therefore will be the orbital velocity of the 5-kg piece of

junk?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

a = v^2/r

v^2 = a * r

v^2 = 4 m/s^2 * 10^7 m

v^2 = 4 * 10*7 m^s/s^2

v = 6324.55532 m/s

Which I should have known because it had the same acceleration and the same radius as

problem #6.

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

Orbital velocity is calculated from distance and gravitational acceleration by solving a

= v^2 / r for v, where a is the centripetal acceleration, which is the same as the

gravitational acceleration. We get v = `sqrt( a * r), just as before, and

v = `sqrt( 4 m/s^2 * 10,000,000 m) = 6.3 * 10^3 m/s,

the same velocity as for the 3000 kg satellite.

STUDENT QUESTION

I had my problem set up right, but I am still not fully solving. The answer that I

calculated is completely different from

what the given answer was. I had 12649m/s but the given answer was 6.3 * 10^3. Is my

answer even close and I just did not

reformat it correctly??? I really am not sure what I need to change her so that I can

start to solve these correctly.

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE

The 4 m/s^2 does not get squared. 4 m/s^2 is the acceleration, with units m/s^2. Only

the unit s is squared.

The algebra of the units should reveal the error:

If you squared the 4 m/s^2 you would get 16 m^2 / s^4 (not the 16 m/s you indicated),

and the units would end up sqrt( m^2 / s^4 * m) = sqrt( m^3 / s^4), which is not m/s.

If you don't square the 4 m/s^2, the units will be sqrt(m/s^2 * m) = sqrt(m^2/s^2) =

m/s.

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Self-critique (if necessary): OK

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Self-critique rating: 3

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Question: `q009. Is it true that the gravitational acceleration of any object at a

distance of 10,000,000 meters from the center of the Earth must be the same as for the

3000-kg satellite and the 5-kg hunk of space junk? (Hint: We have to find the

acceleration for any mass, so we're probably going to have to let the mass of the object

be represented by symbol. Use mObject as a symbol for the mass of the object. While

dealing in symbols, you might as well leave G and r in symbols and let mEarth stand for

the mass of the Earth. Find an expression for the force, then using this expression and

Newton's Second Law find an expression for the acceleration of the object).

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Your solution:

F = G * m1 * m2/r^2

F = G * mEarth * mObj/r^2

a = F/m

Well, G, mEarth and r^2 will all remain constant. mObj is what will be possibly

changing. So, F will change as mObj changes. When you plug the force, that can change,

into the a = F/m, the F and m will be proportional, so the a should stay the same.

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

We know that the gravitational force on the object is

Fgrav = G * mEarth * mObject / r^2,

where G is the universal gravitational constant, r the distance from the center of the

Earth, mEarth the mass of the Earth and mObject the mass of the object.

The acceleration of the object is

a = Fgrav / mObject,

by Newton's Second Law.

Substituting the expression G * mEarth * mObject / r^2 for Fgrav we see that

a = [ G * mEarth * mObject / r^2 ] / mObject = G * mEarth / r^2.

We note that this expression depends only upon the following:

G, which we take to be univerally constant,

the effectively unchanging quantity mEarth and

the distance r separating the center of the Earth from the center of mass of the

object.

Thus for all objects at a distance of 10,000 km from the center of the Earth the

acceleration due to the gravitational force must be the same.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

My reasoning was a little different. I don't know if my thinking was also correct....?

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Self-critique rating: 2

@&

Your reasoning was very good.

*@

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Question: `q010. How much work would have to be done against gravity to move the 3000

kg satellite from a distance of 10,000 km to a distance of 10,002 km?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your solution:

F = m * a

F = 3,000 kg * 4 m/s^2 (from problem #3)

F = 12,000 N

`dw = F * `ds

`dw = 12,000 N * 2000 m

`dw = 24,000,000 J

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

As found previously the object experiences a force of approximately 12,000 N at a

distance of 10,000 km. At a distance of 10,002 km, the force of gravity will be

slightly less than at 10,000 km, but only by about 5 Newtons or .0004 of the force.

That is, over the 2 km distance the force of gravity doesn't change by very much.

Therefore to move 2 km = 2000 m further from the center of the planet would require the

application of a force very close to 12,000 N in the direction away from the center.

The work done by this force is therefore

`dW = 12,000 Newtons * 2000 m = 24,000,000 Joules.

STUDENT QUESTION: I understand this mathematically, I'm not sure I understand

practically. How do you gain KE if one object was intially stationary? It would seem

that the first object would lose and the second object would gain what was lost but not

more than what was lost...

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE: As stated it isn't possible for total KE to increase unless there

is some other source of energy involved. For example if there is a coiled spring on one

object it could uncoil on collision and add extra KE.

Momentum conservation does not say anything about energy. Momentum and energy are two

completely independent quantities. **

STUDENT QUESTION

They ask what the work is to move from 10,000 km to 10,002 km. The force in between here

is 12006 - 12002 =

4 N. Why do you use the whole 12000N in the work equation? Shouldn't it be W = 4* 2000?

If it was asking for the

work to move from 0 to 10,000 km, then I would understand the use of 12000N as the

force, but the net force is only 4

N.

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE

Work is average force * displacement, not change in force * displacement.

In symbols `dW = F * `ds, not `dF * `ds.

If you drive up the road for 4 hours, gradually increasing your speed from 60 mph to 65

mph, you travel between 240 and 260 miles, not (65 mph - 60 mph) * 4 hours = 20 miles.

This situation is completely analogous. You have to exert a force which is never under

12 000 N, and do so for 2000 meters. Your approximation will use the average force 12

004 N.

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Self-critique (if necessary): OK

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Self-critique rating: 3

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Question: `q011. Does it therefore follow that the work done to move a 3000 kg

satellite from a circular orbit at distance 10,000 km to a circular orbit at distance

10,002 km from the center of the Earth must be 24,000,000 Joules?

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Your solution:

The presumption for the answer to the last question came from question #3, where we were

told that it took 12 Newtons to move a 3,000 kg mass 10,000 km. That might not be the

force needed for every 3000 kg object because there might be a different gravity.

confidence rating #$&*:

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Given Solution:

It might seem so, but this is not the case.

Gravity does -24 000 000 J of work (force exerted by gravity is in the direction

opposite the displacement from 10 000 km to 10 002 km so work by gravity is negative) on

the satellite, so its PE increases by 24 000 000 J. However when changing orbits the

satellite also slows, so it loses some of its KE. The lost KE is converted into

gravitational PE. So the force required to change the orbit does less work than it

would if we simply changed the distance from the center of the planet.

Conservation of energy tells us that

`dW_nc_ON = `dPE + `dKE,

where `dW_nc_ON is the nonconservative force acting on the system.

Since `dKE is negative, the work done by the nonconservative force is less that the 24

000 000 J change in PE.

STUDENT COMMENT

That is very confusing. I do not really understand this

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE

(Remember to be specific about what you do and do not understand.)

`dPE is equal and opposite to the work done by gravity on the satellite, so is equal to

the work required to counter gravity as the satellite moves 2 km further from the Earth.

Over this 2 km distance the force stays close to 12,000 N. `dW = F `ds = 12,000 N * 2 km

= 12,000 N * 2000 m = 24,000,000 J. This force would be in the direction of motion, so

the work is positive. Therefore `dPE = +24,000,000 J.

KE = 1/2 m v^2, which decreases because the speed of the satellite decreases. Thus `dKE

is negative. We could calculate the velocity of a circular orbit at each distance. If we

did this would find that `dKE = -12,000,000 J, half the magnitude of the PE change and

of opposite sign.

Recall that conservation of energy requires that `dW_noncons_ON = `dPE + `dKE. In the

present example, `dPE + `dKE = 24,000,000 J - 12,000,000 J = 12,000,000 J. It follows

that `dW_noncons_ON = 12,000,000 J. That is, to move from the first circular orbit to

the second, we would require 12,000,000 J of work from a nonconservative source (e.g.,

from the satellite's thrusters; it takes fuel to change the orbit of the satellite).

This situation generalizes. The KE change from one circular orbit to another orbit of

greater radius always has half the magnitude of the PE change, and the opposite sign.

The work required from nonconservative forces is therefore half the magnitude of the PE

change.

STUDENT COMMENT

since we are moving further away from the earths pull there is less KE needed? So there

would be less work required at

10002 vs 10000 and the same would be for less work at 10004 vs 10002

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE

The force exerted by gravity doesn't change much between r = 10000 km and r = 10004 km,

so it's easy to calculate a very close approximation to the PE change--just multiply the

(nearly constant) force by the additional distance you need to move away from the

planet.

The velocity required for a circular orbit is v = sqrt( G M / r), obtained by setting

centripetal force equal to gravitational force and solving for v. It's clear from the

fact that r is in the denominator that v is smaller when r is larger, so the orbit with

greater radius has the smaller velocity and hence the lesser KE.

If you can accurately calculate 1/2 m v^2 for both orbits (possible if you use enough

significant figures to make the difference in KE accurate to at least a few significant

figures), you will find that the decrease in KE is half as great as the increase in PE.

Note also that gravitational PE can be calculated using the equation PE = - G M m / r.

If you evaluate this for both values of r, and find the difference (again being careful

to use plenty of significant figures), you will find that the PE gain agrees with your

previous result, and is double the KE loss.

Finally, it is possible to do the algebra with the symbols and show that the KE loss is

exactly half the PE gain:

v = sqrt( G M / r^2) so

KE = 1/2 m v^2 = 1/2 G M m / r^2

PE = - G M m / r

Except for the - sign, the only difference in the KE and PE expressions is the 1/2.

So the magnitude of the PE is always double the magnitude of the KE, and the change in

PE always has double the magnitude of the change in KE.

STUDENT QUESTION

Let me know if this makes sense. I was a bit confused and this is what I took from it.

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE:

Overview of the solution:

The KE is determined by the orbital radius and the mass of the satellite, so `dKE is

determined by the mass and the two orbital radii.

The work done against gravity to move from one orbital radius to another is `dPE, and is

found by multiplying F_ave * dist, which is F_ave * `dr.

When these two sets of calculations are done, we find the | `dKE | = 1/2 | `dPE |.

STUDENT QUESTION

So is this just saying that the KE that we calculated to be 24,000,000 is not totally

the amount joules need to move the

mass and that some of this is lost to the gravitational PE, making the 24,000,000 much

less. ?

Is this because the gravitational force is lessened a bit at the object travels further

from the earth, which is why the gravitational PE of the earth is increased and the KE

decreases?

INSTRUCTOR RESPONSE

24 000 000 J was the work required to move the satellite 2 km 'higher' (i.e., into an

orbit 2 km further from the center of the Earth than before). This was calculated by

multiplying the average gravitational force by the displacement in the direction

opposite the force. This result wasn't a KE, nor was it a change in KE.

Thus 24 000 000 J was the change in gravitational PE.

However, as it turns out, the required orbital velocity decreases as we move from the

'lower' to the 'higher' orbit. The KE therefore decreases, but the difference in KE

doesn't just dissipate. The 'lost' KE shows up as part of the increased PE.

In terms of energy conservation:

`dW_NC_on = `dPE + `dKE.

In this case `dPE is +24 000 000 J, and as it turns out `dKE is -12 000 000 J, so that

`dW_NC_on = +24 000 000 J + (-12 000 000 J) = +12 000 000 J.

This work is done by the force provided by the rocket engines (this force is

nonconservative; once the energy is out of the engines it can't be recovered).

This is only half the work that would be required to move to the new position while

maintaining the original KE.

It would certainly be possible to accomplish this, provided sufficient fuel was

available, but the new orbit wouldn't be circular.

If the original KE was maintained, the satellite would be moving too fast for a circular

orbit at the new distance; it could certainly orbit, but the orbit would be elliptical

rather than circular.

To stay at the new constant 'altitude' would require that the KE decrease.

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Self-critique (if necessary):

OK

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Self-critique rating: 2

If you understand the assignment and were able to solve the previously given problems

from your worksheets, you should be able to complete most of the following problems

quickly and easily. If you experience difficulty with some of these problems, you will

be given notes and we will work to resolve difficulties.

*********************************************

Question: `q012. What would be the gravitational attraction between the Earth and a

1200 kg satellite, if the satellite was in a circular orbit 8000 km from the center of

the Earth?

What orbital velocity would be required so that the centripetal force on the satellite

was equal to the gravitational attraction?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your Solution:

F = G * m1 * m2 / r^2

G = 6.67 * 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2

m1 = 6 * 10^24 kg

m2 = 1.2 * 10^3 kg

r = 8,000 km = 8,000,000 m = 8 * 10^6 m

r^2 = 6.4 * 10^13 m^2

F = (6.67 * 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2)(6 * 10^24 kg)(1.2 * 10^3 kg) / (6.4 * 10^13 km)

F = (6.67 * 6 * 1.2)/6.4 * (10^-11 * 10^24 * 10^3)/10^13

F = 48.024 Nm / m * 10^16/10^13

F = 7.50375 * 10^3 N

a = F/m

a = 7.50375 * 10^3 N / 1.2 * 10^3 kg

a = 6.25 m/s^2

a_cent = v^2/r

v^2 = a * r

v^2 = 6.25 m/s^2 * 8 * 10^6 m

v^2 = 50,000,000 m^2/s^2

v = 7071.07 m/s

confidence rating #$&*:

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*********************************************

Question: `q013. By how much would the PE of the satellite in the preceding question

change if its orbit was changed to a circular orbit 7900 km from the center of the

Earth?

By how much would the KE of the satellite change?

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

Your Solution:

F = G * m1 * m2 / r^2

G = 6.67 * 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2

m1 = 6 * 10^24 kg

m^2 = 1.2 * 10^3 kg

r = 7.9 * 10^6 m

r^2 = 6.241 * 10^13 m^2

F = (6.67 * 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2)(6 * 10^24 kg)(1.2 * 10^3 kg) / 6.241 * 10^13 m^2

kg^2 cancel each other out and m^2 cancel each other out, so we are left with N

F = (6.67 * 6 * 1.2) / 6.241 * (10-11 * 10^24 * 10^3) / 10^13

F = 48.024 / 6.241 * 10^16/10^13

F = 7.695 * 10^3 N

a = F/m

a = 7.695 * 10^3 N / 1.2 * 10^3 kg

a = 6.4125 m/s^2

a_cent = v^2/r

v^2 = a_cent * r

v^2 = 6.4125 m/s^2 * 7.9 * 10^6 m

v^2 = 50,658,750 m^2/s^2

v = 7117.5 m/s

KE = .5mv^2

KE = .5 (1200 kg)(50,658,750 m^2/s^2)

KE = 3.04 * 10^10 Joules

KE from previous problem:

KE = .5mv^2

KE = .5 (1200 kg)(50,000,000 m^2/s^2)

KE = 3 * 10^10 Joules

(3.00 * 10^10 Joules) - (3.04 * 10^10) = .04 * 10^10 = 4 * 10^8

This would decrease the PE energy by 4 * 10^8, and increase the KE by the same amount.

confidence rating #$&*:

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Self-critique (if necessary):

------------------------------------------------

Self-critique rating:

@&

Excellent work.

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