Chapter Four

course Mth 163

This section was confusing for me. Sorry it took so long to get this one sent in I've been having computer and medical problems. I am working hard to get to the other assignments.

ٔǢ{ymܕwassignment #004

004. `query 4

Precalculus I

02-05-2009

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08:45:47

Where f(x) = x^3, what are f(-2), f(-a), f(x-4) and f(x) - 4?

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RESPONSE -->

f(x)=(-2)^3 = -8

f(x)=(-a)^3

f(x)=(x-4)^3= (x-4)(x-4)(x-4)=(x^2-8x+16)(x-4)=

x^3-12x^4+48x-64

f(x)= (-4)^3=256

confidence assessment: 2

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08:47:11

** COMMON ERROR WITH COMMENT: Where f(x) = x^3, f(-2) = -2^3

INSTRUCTOR CRITIQUE: Write that f(-2) = (-2)^3. By order of operations -2^3 = -(2^3) (you exponentiate first, before you apply the negative, which is effectively a multiplication by -1). For an odd power like 3 it makes no difference in the end---in both cases the result is -8

COMMON ERROR WITH COMMENT: f(-a) = -a^3.

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT:f(-a) = (-a)^3, which because of the odd power is the same as -a^3. If g(x) = x^2, g(-a) would be (-a)^2 = a^2.

ANSWERS TO THE REMAINING TWO QUESTIONS: f(x-4) = (x-4)^3. If you expand that you get (x^2 - 8 x + 16) ( x - 4) = x^3 - 12 x^4 + 48 x - 64.

In more detail the expansion is as follows:

(x-4)^3 = (x-4)(x-4)(x-4) = [ (x-4)(x-4) ] * (x-4)

= [ x ( x - 4) - 4 ( x - 4) ] ( x - 4)

= (x^2 - 4 x - 4 x + 16) ( x - 4)

= (x^2 - 8x + 16) ( x - 4)

= (x^2 - 8x + 16) * x - (x^2 - 8x + 16) * 4

= x^2 * x - 8 x * x + 16 * x - x^2 * 4 - (-8x) * 4 - 16 * 4

= x^3 - 8 x^2 + 16 x - 4 x^2 + 32 x - 64

= x^3 - 12 x^2 + 48 x - 64.

f(x) - 4 = x^3 - 4. **

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RESPONSE -->

should have simplified the 3rd one more

self critique assessment:

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08:53:04

Where f(x) = 2^x, find f(2), f(-a), f(x+3) and f(x) + 3?

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RESPONSE -->

f(x)=2^2=4

f(x)=2^-a

f(x)=2^(x+3)

f(x)=2^x+3

confidence assessment: 3

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08:53:21

** Where f(x) = 2^x we have:

f(2)= 2^2 or 4;

f(a) = 2^a;

f(x+3) = 2^(x+3); and

f(x) + 3 = 2^x + 3. **

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment:

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08:55:07

query functions given by meaningful names. What are some of the advantages of using meaninful names for functions?

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RESPONSE -->

Using meaningful names for equations lets you know what you are doing and helps you remember what you are doing in that particlular equation

confidence assessment: 2

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08:55:14

** TWO STUDENT RESPONSES:

Using the function notation gives more meaning to our equations. Example... 'depth(t) = ' is a lot more understandable than ' y = '

I read of the pros and cons in using names. I think using names helps to give meaning to the equation, especially if it's one you haven't looked at for a couple days, you know right away what you were doing by reading the 'meaningful' notation.**

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment:

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08:59:08

What were your results for value(0), value(2), value(t+3) and value(t+3)/value(t)?

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RESPONSE -->

for 0 I got 1000

for 2 I got 1144.90

for t+3 I got 1000(1.07)^(t + 3)

for t+3/value(t) I got value(t+3) / value(t) = 1.07^3

confidence assessment: 2

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08:59:55

** Substitute very carefully and show your steps:

value(0) = $1000(1.07)^0 = $ 1000

value(2) = $1000(1.07)^2 = $1144.90

value(t + 3) = $1000(1.07)^(t + 3)

value(t + 3) / value (t) = [$1000(1.07)^(t + 3)] / [ $1000(1.07)^t] ,

which we simplify. The $1000 in the numerator can be divided by the $1000 in the denominator to give us

value(t+3) / value(t) = 1.07^(t+3) / [ 1.07^t].

By the laws of exponents 1.07^(t+3) = 1.07^t * 1.07^3 so we get

value(t+3) / value(t) = 1.07^t * 1.07^3 / [ 1.07^t].

The 1.07^t divides out and we end up with

value(t+3) / value(t) = 1.07^3. **

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RESPONSE -->

I did not show my substitution but most of it was really straight forward except the last one

self critique assessment: 2

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09:02:07

What did you get for illumination(distance)/illumination(2*distance)? Show your work on this one.

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RESPONSE -->

(2*distance) = [50 / distance^2] / [50 / (2*distance)^2]

[ 50 / distance^2 ] * [ (2 * distance)^2 / 50 ] =

(2 * distance)^2 / distance^2 = 4

confidence assessment:

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09:02:14

** We substitute carefully and literally to get

illumination (distance) / illumination (2*distance) = [50 / distance^2] / [50 / (2*distance)^2]

which is a complex fraction and needs to be simplified. You invert the denominator and multiply to get

[ 50 / distance^2 ] * [ (2 * distance)^2 / 50 ] =

(2 * distance)^2 / distance^2 =

4 * distance^2 / distance^2

= 4. **

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment:

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09:03:41

query #3. Sketch a reasonable graph of y = f(x), if it is known that f(2) = 80, f(5) = 40 and f(10) = 25. Explain how you constructed your graph.

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RESPONSE -->

I used (2,80), (5,40), (10,25) as points and connected the points with a line

confidence assessment: 2

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09:04:04

** STUDENT ANSWER WITH INSTRUCTOR COMMENT: I used graph paper counted each small square as 2 units in each direction, I put a dot for the points (2,80), (5,40), & (10,25) and connected the dots with lines.

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT: The points could be connected with straight lines, but you might also have used a smooth curve. **

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment: 0

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09:06:51

what is your estimate of value of x for which f(x) = 60?

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RESPONSE -->

3.5 because 60 is in between 80 and 40

confidence assessment: 1

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09:06:56

**If your graph was linear from the point (2, 80) to the point (5, 40) you would estimate x = 3.5, since 3.5 is halfway from 2 to 5 and 60 is halfway from 80 to 40.

However with f(10) = 25 a straightforward smooth curve would be decreasing at a decreasing rate and the y = 60 value would probably occur just a bit earlier, perhaps somewhere around x = 3.3**

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment: 0

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09:08:27

what is your estimate of the value f(7)?

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RESPONSE -->

34 because its between 25 and 40

confidence assessment: 3

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09:08:42

** STUDENT RESPONSE WITH INSTRUCTOR COMMENT: My estimation for the value of f(7) was f(7) = 34.

A linear graph between (5, 40) and (10, 25) would have slope -3 and would therefore decline by 6 units between x = 5 and x = 7, giving your estimate of 34.

However the graph is probably decreasing at a decreasing rate, implying a somewhat greater decline between 5 and 7 that would be implied by a straight-line approximation.

A better estimate might be f(7) = 32 or 33. **

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment: 0

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09:09:47

what is your estimate of the difference between f(7) and f(9)?

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RESPONSE -->

well it is 5 because 7=32 and 9=27

confidence assessment: 3

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09:09:59

** If f(7) = 32 and f(9) = 27, not unreasonable estimates, then the difference is 5. **

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment: 0

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hђD_s\

assignment #004

004. `query 4

Precalculus I

02-05-2009

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16:59:43

Where f(x) = x^3, what are f(-2), f(-a), f(x-4) and f(x) - 4?

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RESPONSE -->

confidence assessment:

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16:59:46

** COMMON ERROR WITH COMMENT: Where f(x) = x^3, f(-2) = -2^3

INSTRUCTOR CRITIQUE: Write that f(-2) = (-2)^3. By order of operations -2^3 = -(2^3) (you exponentiate first, before you apply the negative, which is effectively a multiplication by -1). For an odd power like 3 it makes no difference in the end---in both cases the result is -8

COMMON ERROR WITH COMMENT: f(-a) = -a^3.

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT:f(-a) = (-a)^3, which because of the odd power is the same as -a^3. If g(x) = x^2, g(-a) would be (-a)^2 = a^2.

ANSWERS TO THE REMAINING TWO QUESTIONS: f(x-4) = (x-4)^3. If you expand that you get (x^2 - 8 x + 16) ( x - 4) = x^3 - 12 x^4 + 48 x - 64.

In more detail the expansion is as follows:

(x-4)^3 = (x-4)(x-4)(x-4) = [ (x-4)(x-4) ] * (x-4)

= [ x ( x - 4) - 4 ( x - 4) ] ( x - 4)

= (x^2 - 4 x - 4 x + 16) ( x - 4)

= (x^2 - 8x + 16) ( x - 4)

= (x^2 - 8x + 16) * x - (x^2 - 8x + 16) * 4

= x^2 * x - 8 x * x + 16 * x - x^2 * 4 - (-8x) * 4 - 16 * 4

= x^3 - 8 x^2 + 16 x - 4 x^2 + 32 x - 64

= x^3 - 12 x^2 + 48 x - 64.

f(x) - 4 = x^3 - 4. **

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment:

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16:59:49

Where f(x) = 2^x, find f(2), f(-a), f(x+3) and f(x) + 3?

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RESPONSE -->

confidence assessment:

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16:59:52

** Where f(x) = 2^x we have:

f(2)= 2^2 or 4;

f(a) = 2^a;

f(x+3) = 2^(x+3); and

f(x) + 3 = 2^x + 3. **

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment:

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16:59:54

query functions given by meaningful names. What are some of the advantages of using meaninful names for functions?

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RESPONSE -->

confidence assessment:

.................................................

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16:59:59

** TWO STUDENT RESPONSES:

Using the function notation gives more meaning to our equations. Example... 'depth(t) = ' is a lot more understandable than ' y = '

I read of the pros and cons in using names. I think using names helps to give meaning to the equation, especially if it's one you haven't looked at for a couple days, you know right away what you were doing by reading the 'meaningful' notation.**

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment:

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17:00:04

What were your results for value(0), value(2), value(t+3) and value(t+3)/value(t)?

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RESPONSE -->

confidence assessment:

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17:00:08

** Substitute very carefully and show your steps:

value(0) = $1000(1.07)^0 = $ 1000

value(2) = $1000(1.07)^2 = $1144.90

value(t + 3) = $1000(1.07)^(t + 3)

value(t + 3) / value (t) = [$1000(1.07)^(t + 3)] / [ $1000(1.07)^t] ,

which we simplify. The $1000 in the numerator can be divided by the $1000 in the denominator to give us

value(t+3) / value(t) = 1.07^(t+3) / [ 1.07^t].

By the laws of exponents 1.07^(t+3) = 1.07^t * 1.07^3 so we get

value(t+3) / value(t) = 1.07^t * 1.07^3 / [ 1.07^t].

The 1.07^t divides out and we end up with

value(t+3) / value(t) = 1.07^3. **

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment:

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17:00:12

What did you get for illumination(distance)/illumination(2*distance)? Show your work on this one.

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RESPONSE -->

confidence assessment:

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17:00:17

** We substitute carefully and literally to get

illumination (distance) / illumination (2*distance) = [50 / distance^2] / [50 / (2*distance)^2]

which is a complex fraction and needs to be simplified. You invert the denominator and multiply to get

[ 50 / distance^2 ] * [ (2 * distance)^2 / 50 ] =

(2 * distance)^2 / distance^2 =

4 * distance^2 / distance^2

= 4. **

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment:

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17:00:22

query #3. Sketch a reasonable graph of y = f(x), if it is known that f(2) = 80, f(5) = 40 and f(10) = 25. Explain how you constructed your graph.

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RESPONSE -->

confidence assessment:

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17:00:29

** STUDENT ANSWER WITH INSTRUCTOR COMMENT: I used graph paper counted each small square as 2 units in each direction, I put a dot for the points (2,80), (5,40), & (10,25) and connected the dots with lines.

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT: The points could be connected with straight lines, but you might also have used a smooth curve. **

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment:

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17:00:33

what is your estimate of value of x for which f(x) = 60?

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RESPONSE -->

confidence assessment:

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17:00:37

**If your graph was linear from the point (2, 80) to the point (5, 40) you would estimate x = 3.5, since 3.5 is halfway from 2 to 5 and 60 is halfway from 80 to 40.

However with f(10) = 25 a straightforward smooth curve would be decreasing at a decreasing rate and the y = 60 value would probably occur just a bit earlier, perhaps somewhere around x = 3.3**

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RESPONSE -->

self critique assessment:

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&#Good work. See my notes and let me know if you have questions. &#