Assignment 23

course Mth 173

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豓壉喌人祻鹽潨池茆泳

Calculus I

04-25-2008

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09:34:34

Query 4.3.34 (3d edition extra problem): Sketch a possible graph for a function which is positive, continuous, with a global maximum at (3,3); the 1st and 2d derivatives have the same sign for x<3, opposite signs for x > 3.

Describe your graph, telling where it is increasing in decreasing, where it is concave up where it is concave down, and where (if anywhere) it has local maxima and minima.

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RESPONSE -->

I do not know what these graphs would look like other than the global maximum.

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09:37:17

** The function would have to be increasing for x < 3, which would make the first derivative positive. The second derivative could also be positive, with the function starting out with an asymptote to the negative x axis and gradually curving upward to reach (3,3). It would then have to start decreasing, which would make the first derivative negative, so the second derivative would have to be positive. The function would have be sort of 'pointed' at (3,3). The graph, which would have to remain positive, could then approach the positive x axis as an asymptote, always decreasing and always concave up.

The horizontal asymptotes would not have to be at the x axis and could in fact by at any y < 3. The asymptote to the right also need not equal the asymptote to the left. **

As we approach a global maximum from the left (i.e., for x < 3) the function is increasing, so its first derviative must be positive.

For x < 3 the second derivative is also positive, so the function is concave up.

The graph is therefore increasing at an increasing rate as we approach the maximum at x = 3.

If you sketch a curve which is asymptotic to the x axis, increasing at an increasing rate until you reach x = 3, you will have the 'left half' of the curve.

As you move to the right of the x = 3 point, the curve must decrease, so the first derivative must be negative. The second derivative, being opposite in sign to the first, will be positive, so the curve will again be concave up (in this case, it will be decreasing at a decreasing rate). Values remain positive so as you move to the right the curve will be asymptotic to the x axis If you draw the 'right half' of the curve in this manner, you will find that at the x = 3 point the left and right 'halves' come together at a pointed 'peak' as opposed, say, to a smoothly curved 'hilltop'.

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RESPONSE -->

I still do not know how to draw a graph just based on descriptions such as the ones used in this question.

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09:40:26

Query problem 4.3.31 (3d edition 4.3.29) f(v) power of flying bird vs. v; concave up, slightly decreasing for small v; a(v) energy per meter.

Why do you think the graph as the shape it does?

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RESPONSE -->

The bird uses more energy to increase its speed. The lower part of the graph represents when the bird stops flapping its wings (using energy) and glides through the air until it needs to flap its wings again.

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09:42:16

** the graph actually doesn't give energy vs. velocity -- the authors messed up when they said that -- it gives the rate of energy usage vs. velocity. They say this in the problem, but the graph is mislabeled.

The graph says that for high velocities the rate of energy usage, in Joules / second, increases with increasing velocity. That makes sense because the bird will be fighting air resistance for a greater distance per second, which will require more energy usage. To make matters worse for the bird, as velocity increases the resistance is not only fought a greater distance every second but the resistance itself increases. So the increase in energy usage for high velocities isn't too hard to understand.

However the graph also shows that for very low velocities energy is used at a greater rate than for slightly higher velocities. This is because low velocities imply hovering, or near-hovering, which requires more energy than the gliding action the bird achieves at somewhat higher velocities. **

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RESPONSE -->

I didn't think of factoring air resistance

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09:43:07

Query Add comments on any surprises or insights you experienced as a result of this assignment.

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RESPONSE -->

I didn't expect it to be two questions long.

But other than practicing on drawing graphs based on descriptions, I think I have it down.

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09:43:11

I had some difficulty with the graphical interpretations, but I think going over more notes can give me a better understanding

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RESPONSE -->

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Good responses. See my notes and let me know if you have questions. &#